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Epigenetic regulation of HLA class II genes and their role in autoimmune diseases
Čepek, Pavel ; Černá, Marie (advisor) ; Štechová, Kateřina (referee) ; Reiniš, Milan (referee)
(EN) Type 1 diabetes (T1D) belongs among polygenic multifactorial autoimmune diseases. The highest risk is associated with HLA (human leukocyte antigen) class II genes, including HLA-DQA1 gene. Our aim was to investigate DNA methylation of HLA-DQA1 promoter alleles (QAP) and correlate methylation status with individual HLA-DQA1 allele expression of T1D patients and healthy controls. DNA methylation is one of the epigenetic modifications, that regulate gene expression and is known to be shaped by the environment. 61 T1D patients and 39 healthy controls were involved in this study. Isolated DNA was treated with sodium bisulfite and HLA-DQA1 promoter sequence was amplified using nested PCR. After sequencing, DNA methylation of HLA-DQA1 promoter alleles was analyzed. Individual mRNA HLA-DQA1 relative allele expression was assessed using two different endogenous controls (PPIA, DRA). We have found statistically significant differences in HLA-DQA1 allele 02:01 expression (PPIA normalization, Pcorr=0.041; DRA normalization, Pcorr=0.052) between healthy controls and T1D patients. The complete methylation profile of the HLA-DQA1 promoter was gained with the most methylated allele DQA1*02:01 and the least methylated DQA1*05:01 in both studied groups. Methylation profile observed in T1D patients and healthy...
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Immunocompetent cells and their importance in immunopathological conditions
Podrazil, Michal ; Bartůňková, Jiřina (advisor) ; Reiniš, Milan (referee) ; Smetana, Karel (referee)
Pokroky v současné imunologii vedou k lepšímu porozumění interakcí mezi imunitním systémem a nádory, což vzbuzuje zájem o využití imunitního systému v léčbě nádorových onemocnění. V úvodní části práce jsou shrnuty teoretické poznatky o mechanismech protinádorové imunitní odpovědi a jednotlivých složkách imunitního systému podílejících se na tomto procesu. Ústřední úlohu v této interakci reprezentují dendritické buňky. Právě jejich využitím v klinické medicíně se dlouhodobě zabývá naše pracoviště. V této práci se věnuji několika dílčím cílům. První z nich je analýza zastoupení jednotlivých subpopulací imunokompetentních buněk v imunoterapeutickém léčivém přípravku na bázi dendritických buněk proti karcinomu prostaty- DCVAC/PCa vyvinutého na Ústavu imunologie, dále praktickým aspektům přípravy této formy aktivní buněčné imunoterapie a její optimalizaci za podmínek správné výrobní praxe. Výsledky této části byly součástí farmaceutické dokumentace, která vedla ke schválení výrobního postupu i zahájení klinických studií u pacientů s karcinomem prostaty regulačními autoritami. Dalším krokem bylo následné praktické testování imunoterapie DCVAC/PCa nejprve v pilotní "first-in-men" aplikaci u pacienta s pokročilým metastatickým karcinomem prostaty a následně klinické hodnocení tohoto preparátu v rámci 2...
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Epigenetic mechanisms in the interferon γ signalling pathway
Fišerová, Lenka ; Reiniš, Milan (advisor) ; Javorková, Eliška (referee)
IFNγ is an important cytosine mediating imune responses, including antitumor immunity. It can affect expression of a lot of genes, which regulate different cellular processes. In tumor cells defects in signal cascade of IFNγ and mistakes in expression of genes regulated by IFNγ, for example genes for antigen adjustment and presentation (APM) or genes for major histocompatibility complex (MHC), were observed. Epigenetic mechanisms, can play a role in regulation of expression of genes for IFNγ, as well as in regulation of expression of genes regulated by IFNγ, including the components of the IFNγ signalling pathway. In lymphocytes from tumors the ability to produce IFNγ was limited by epigenetic silencing of genes for IFNγ. In tumor cells, epigenetic silencing of genes regulated by IFNγ, of genes of the IFNγ signaling cascade, for example IRF transcription factors, and other genes regulated by IFNγ, such as genes for APM, MHC or indoldioxygenase coding genes (IDO), was demonstrated. In case of their activation by IFNγ, epigenetic changes in regulation sequences of appropriate genes, were observed. IFNγ thus can be considered as an epigenetic agent. Epigenetic modulators are able to activate expression of genes regulated by IFNγ. By this way it's possible to explain some of immunomudullatory effects...
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Study of the effect of immunological sdjuvants on experimental treatment of HPV-induced tumors by recombinant VACV and DNA vaccines
Gabriel, Pavel ; Němečková, Šárka (advisor) ; Mělková, Zora (referee) ; Reiniš, Milan (referee)
1 ABSTRACT The success of cancer vaccines depends on factors associated with the vaccine, which define the main parameters of effective immune responses such as its size and quality, as well as on factors related with the host, represented by the immunosuppressive mechanisms that allow the tumor to escape recognition by the immune system or negatively influence the function of effector T-cells. Attenuated, non-replicating viruses are at present preferred as VACV for safety reasons. A problem may arise concerning their lack of immunogenicity. Through the deletions of non-essential genes, vaccination vectors are therefore developed based on attenuated rVACV capable of replication, which induce a strong immune response. Genes of various immunological adjuvants (e.g., genes for cytokines and costimulatory molecules) are inserted into the vectors for the purpose of eliminating the influence of the immunosuppressive mechanisms of tumors. The first part of the work describes our study of the influence of vCCI on biological properties of rVACV derived from the Prague strain. Testing of vCCI deletion and insertion mutants expressing tumor associated protein HPV16 E7 has shown that secreted vCCI attenuated the virus in vivo, which correlated with reduced levels of the corresponding CC chemokines in the blood compared...
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Vliv chemoterapie a genotoxického stresu na imunologické vlastnosti nádorových buněk.
Horňáková, Michaela ; Reiniš, Milan (advisor) ; Drbal, Karel (referee)
Cancer treatment includes the use of chemotherapeutic agents, which have various effects on tumour cells, such as direct toxicity to cancer cells, immunogenic cell death induction and changes in cancer cells phenotype. Throughout the last decade many researchers have been focusing on the induction of genotoxic stress and cellular senescence, which chemotherapy can trigger. Even though induction of senescence in cancer cells represents an important mechanism for tumour suppression, there has been increasing evidence that shifting cancer cells into a senescent state by chemotherapy is not always beneficial. Senescent cells are associated with a specific secretory phenotype, which allows such cells to alter their microenvironment, modulate anti-tumour immunity, induce tumour suppression and even promote cancer development. Therefore, senescent cells elimination by innate or specific immunity, which can be boosted by immunotherapy, can be an important barrier preventing tumour growth. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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