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Diversity, systematics, and phylogeny of families Opetiidae and Platypezidae (Diptera)
Tkoč, Michal ; Prokop, Jakub (advisor) ; Ševčík, Jan (referee) ; Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (referee)
5 ABSTRACT This doctoral thesis is focused on flat-footed fly families Opetiidae, Platypezidae and genus Microsania (Insecta: Diptera). The thesis consists of general introduction to the systematics, taxonomy, diversity, zoogeography, phylogeny, and biology of the flat-footed flies. Systematics and taxonomy are summarized based on historical as well as recent literature. Each important taxon is shortly introduced and information about its taxonomy, morphology, diversity, distribution, and biology is provided. The next two chapters deal with fossil species and research on species diversity. The following part is a summary and plan for future research. Final chapter consists of 9 published peer-reviewed articles (5 in impacted international journals and 4 in journals without impact factor). The first article is a molecular phylogeny study of relationships between genera of flat- footed flies. The results show Platypezidae consisting of two well-supported clades, the first with the subfamilies Melanderomyiinae + Callomyiinae and the second formed by subfamily Platypezinae. Genus Microsania was resolved as a separate lineage distant from Platypezidae which clustered with Opetiidae as its sister group, both together forming a sister group to Platypezidae. The genus Agathomyia proved to be paraphyletic....
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The biological inclusions in Eocene amber from Študlov locality in White Carpathian Mts.
Škorpíková, Šárka ; Prokop, Jakub (advisor) ; Azar, Dany (referee)
The tudlov amber has been the only known fossil resin from the Czech Republic, in which the biological inclusions are preserved, and at the same time the only Czech fossil resin occurring not in the area of the Bohemian Massif, but in outer arch of the Outer Western Carpathians. So far, only single findings of fossil Hymenoptera and Diptera have been published. In contrast to mostly Cretaceous ambers of the Bohemian Massif, the age of tudlov amber is usually estimated from the late Paleocene to mid Eocene. This diploma thesis provides an overview of the fossil organisms found in the tudlov amber in the past two decades and it is also the most comprehensive text dedicated to the palaeodiversity of embedded organisms from this remarkable fossil resin. The presence of various microscopic fungi is proven, as well as the presence of angiosperm trichomes, mites and insects (prevailed by Hymenoptera and Diptera). The discovery of a hymenopteran family Stigmaphronidae (Apocrita) is the first Cenozoic evidence of this family, formerly considered as extinct by the end of Cretaceous. Finding of an isolated gymnosperm twig with wood anatomical characters close to genus Glyptostrobus allows to outline some conclusions about the paleoecosystem. The Eocene age of the resin is confirmed by the combination of...
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The growth and development of wings during ontogeny with emphasis on Palaeodictyoptera
Rosová, Kateřina ; Prokop, Jakub (advisor) ; Sroka, Pavel (referee)
The series of two fossil species belonging to the order Palaeodictyoptera from the Late Carboniferous of Kuznetsk Basin in Russia were re-examined. The two species as Tchirkovaea guttata and Paimbia fenestrata were investigated with emphasis on the wing growth and development in comparison with the structure of developing wings in recent mayflies. This fossil material of T. guttata and P. fenestrata was long considered by previous authors as undisputed evidence for a unique type of wing development in the Palaeozoic insects. The idea was that the larvae of these insects possessed the wings, which became articulated and fully movable already earlier during the postembryonic development and that these gradually growing wings changed their position from longitudinal to perpendicular to the body axis. Moreover, the development was supposed to include two or more subimaginal instars, implying that the fully winged instars moulted several times during postembryonic development. After detailed study of the available fossils and subsequent comparison of the fossil evidence with the development of wings in the recent mayfly Cloeon dipterum it was discovered, that the alleged series of immature, subimaginal and imaginal wings of T. guttata and P. fenestrata do not provide clear evidence that would support...
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Interakce mezi minerálnimi prvky v dietě brojlerů a jeji vliv na vlastnosti svaloviny
Prokop, Jakub
Diploma thesis deals with influence of mineral elements level in the diet of broiler chickens. Primary observe their importance in meat production with high nutritional and sensory quality. In experiment we tried to modulate the performance of chickens by changing the level of zinc (24 g, 204 g), calcium (2 g, 15 g) and magnesium (1,5 g, 4,5 g) and test the influence on sensory attributes of breast and tight meat. After slaughter in the age of 36 days the meat was processed and frozen stored. In sensory analysis (after heat processing) color, texture, odour, presence of strange odour, tenderness, juiciness, taste and presence of strange taste was judge. We discovered that different level of zinc has negative influence on the odour of tight meat (85,50+-2,108; 77,03+-3,333). Higher level of calcium and magnesium for the breast meat had positive influence on the color (83,53+-2,663; 88,50+-1,731) and negative influence on odour (86,10+-2,428; 76,66+-3,341), chewiness (77,73+-4,157; 63,33+-4,607) and taste (71,83+-4,325; 57,75+-4,532). In the end we can conclude that addition of different levels on mineral elements can influence organoleptic properties of meat and its acceptance for the consumer. It is necessary to do more experiments in this subject in the future.
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Groups the order of which is the fourth power of a prime greater than three
Prokop, Jakub ; Drápal, Aleš (advisor) ; Žemlička, Jan (referee)
The primary objective of this thesis is the classification of groups the order of which is the fourth power of a prime greater than three. First, concepts such as the Frattini subgroup are introduced, and some of their general properties are shown. These properties are then used to seperate the groups of order p4 for p > 3 into distinct cases, and these cases are then described in more detail. In the final chapter semihomomorphisms are introduced, and some properties of the group of semiautomorphisms are shown. In particular, a method of embedding semiautomorphisms of a group is shown, and the group of semiautomorphisms of a group of nilpotence class two is described in more detail. 1
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Morphology and evolution of selected groups of Palaeodictyopterida (Insecta: Palaeoptera)
Pecharová, Martina ; Prokop, Jakub (advisor) ; Hodunko, Roman (referee) ; Sroka, Pavel (referee)
Palaeodictyopterida is remarkable insect superorder, which formed a significant part of the diversity of upper Palaeozoic insects, but disappeared by the end of the Permian. The main synapomorphy of the superorder is the piercing-sucking mouthparts in the form of a rostrum consisting of five styles. This rostrum was probably used to pierce on plant tissue and for the juice sucking. The same type of mouthparts shared by adults was present also in larvae of Palaeodictyopterida. The external copulatory organs of the superorder members was also showed some morphological interests. The male genitalia consist of a pair of gonostyli and two penial lobes, similarly to the genitalia of recent Ephemeroptera. The female genitalia of Palaeodictyopterida are developed in a form of the ovipositor that can be compared with the endophytic ovipositor of some recent Odonata. This morphological features support placement of Palaeodictyopterida as sister group of Odonatoptera + Panephemeroptera. The main aim of the work was to describe new representatives of the order Megasecoptera, the second largest group of Palaeodictyopterida. Wing venation of Megasecoptera exhibits a reduction of the longitudinal and transverse veins in comparison with the order Palaeodictyoptera. Other body structures were examined mainly in the...
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Visualization of insect morphological structures using x-ray microtomography and other modern 3D techniques
Rosová, Kateřina ; Prokop, Jakub (advisor) ; Janšta, Petr (referee)
In my bachelor thesis I describe techniques currently used for 3D visualization of morphological structures of insects. Since X-ray microtomography is currently the most attractive option for visualizing internal insect structures, more space is dedicated to its description, but the work includes more innovative techniques. Traditional techniques used in the past decades are not neglected, since they do not lose their importance in the competition of new methods. In the first part the individual methods are presented in terms of their simplified functional mechanisms and the basic steps of creation of 3D reconstructions are described. Techniques are further compared in the text in terms of their usability on different types and sizes of samples, according to the desired final resolution of the visualization, the time required to complete the observation and final visualization and in terms of invasiveness of the techniques. The last chapter summarizes the possibilities of using these innovative methods in entomology based on available studies. Keywords: Insecta, morphology, 3D visualization, SEM, CLSM, MRI, Micro-CT
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The articulation of insect wings
Křečková, Adéla ; Prokop, Jakub (advisor) ; Král, David (referee)
The origin of wings is one of the most important innovation in insect evolution which opened new niches due to unique flight abilities. Movement of the wing is provided by the specific wing base structures consisted of the articular sclerites and the flight muscles. In general there are three main types of basal articulation in insects. Neopteran articulation represents presumably the ancetral type from which the others are derived. These are found in two palaeopteran orders Ephemeroptera and Odonata. Palaeoptera differs from Neoptera by incapability of the wing flexion over the abdomen. This incapability is caused by their specific articulation of the wings to the thorax. Various arrangements of wing sclerites among insect groups have significance in respect of phylogeny and thus represent number of important morphological characters. These are therefore used in higher systematics of extant groups as well as scarcely in their extinct fossil relatives. In the present thesis I introduce the review of literature sources concerning the main types of the wing articulation, their homologies and their significance in respect of higher insect phylogeny.
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