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Optimization of conditions for determination of bottom sediment sorption characteristics
Ramešová, Lucie ; Hanslík, Eduard (advisor) ; Pivokonský, Martin (referee)
Univerzita Karlova v Praze Lucie Ramešová Přírodovědecká fakulta Květen 2014 Ústav pro životní prostředí a VÚV T.G.M. v.v.i. OPTIMIZATION OF CONDITIONS FOR DETERMINATION OF BOTTOM SEDIMENT SORPTION CHARACTERISTICS ABSTRACT An option of this study was to optimize conditions of distribution coefficients determination in the water-sediment system. The study results will be applied in the task A research on influence of Temelín Nuclear Power Plant accident on the Vltava and Labe water environment contamination to the border profile Labe - Hřensko. After finding optimal conditions for sorption experiments, these will be applied on the experiments using real sediment samples and corresponding surface water extracted from different localities of Vltava River, Labe River respectively. A goal of the whole project is to contribute to creation of a crisis scenario of potential accident of Temelin Nuclear Power Plant and its impact on Vltava and Labe water environments. Above all, the aim is to answer the question which processes would take place in dams and basins during the contamination by fission and activation products, whether and which products would be preferably adsorbed and would consequently settle down and which would supposedly be transported to the lower parts of the watershed. The practical part of the...
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Utilization and comparing the new filter materials for removing iron and manganese
Lukeš, Jan ; Benešová, Libuše (advisor) ; Pivokonský, Martin (referee)
This bachelor thesis deals with the removal of iron and manganese in water treatment. The main goal is to determine applicability and suitability of commercially available filter materials for the process for removing iron and manganese from water. The issue of iron and manganese removal water treatment was investigated on the basis of a literature review that summarizes the possible methods of removing iron and manganese from water. Subsequently, four industrially produced filter materials were selected and tested in laboratory. Condition for selection was that the materials did not require regeneration. This work has shown that the use of industrially produced filter materials is advantageous in appropriately defined operating conditions. Removing iron and manganese with these materials may be a suitable alternative to the methods used today. Their advantage lies in the long life cycle without requiring dosage of oxidizing agent. The other advantage is the possibility to remove the seasonally occurring increased concentration of iron and manganese. Their use is likely to be suitable for automatic operation of the drinking water treatment plant.
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Coagulation of organic matter produced by phytoplankton
Načeradská, Jana ; Pivokonský, Martin (advisor) ; Benešová, Libuše (referee) ; Janda, Václav (referee)
This dissertation thesis focuses on the removability of algal organic matter (AOM) by coagulation during water treatment and also on the influence of AOM on the coagulation of other substances present in source water. Special emphasis is put on the description of coagulation mechanisms. The effectiveness of AOM removal by coagulation was investigated by coagulation tests performed with optimized doses of coagulants (aluminium or ferric sulphate) under different pH values. Peptides and proteins contained in cellular organic matter of cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa were used in the experiments since they have been previously reported to disturb the coagulation process. Moreover, peptides and proteins underwent coagulation experiments together with kaolin particles, representing clay particles in turbid waters, in both the presence and absence of coagulants to investigate the effect of AOM on the coagulation of turbid waters. To enable the description of coagulation mechanisms, AOM were characterised in terms of charge, functional groups, molecular weight and ability to form dissolved complexes with coagulant metals. The experimental results demonstrated that the removability of peptides and proteins is greatly dependent on pH value and on the properties of the involved particles or molecules....
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Influence of compounds produced by cyanobacteria on coagulation of humic waters
Brabenec, Tomáš ; Pivokonský, Martin (advisor) ; Benešová, Libuše (referee)
The diploma thesis investigates the coagulation of nature waters with humic substances and peptides/proteins produced by Microcystis aeruginosa during water treatment process with aluminum coagulants. It was confirmed that the efficiency of coagulation mechanism of humic substances and peptides/proteins strongly depends on the pH value, because pH value is limited factor of a charge properties of peptides/proteins, humic substances and hyrolysis products of coagulants. The optimal pH range for the coagulation of humic substances was 5- 6 and for cyanobacterial peptides/proteins 5-6.5. In both cases a charge neutralisation and an adsorption were dominant mechanism of coagulation. Optimal pH range for the coagulation of humic substances in the presence of cyanobacterial peptides/proteins was identical as well as optimal pH range of humic substances with absence of peptides/proteins (5-6) but the presence of peptides/proteins positively influenced particle coagulation of humic substances, because the optimal concentration of the coagulants decreased to more than half. An interaction between humic substances and peptides/proteins was demonstrated. A positive effect of coagulation was observed in the case of jar tests with absence of coagulants at a very low pH range (<4). Keywords Humic substances; AOM...
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Application of Specific UV Absorbance (SUVA) for natural organic matter characterization
Vítková, Tereza ; Pivokonský, Martin (advisor) ; Načeradská, Jana (referee)
This bachelor thesis focuses on the characterization of parameter of specific UV absorbance (SUVA), which has currently been used during water treatment to estimate the potential of natural organic matter (NOM) to form by-products of water disinfection. SUVA is defined as the ratio of absorbance at 254 nm and the values of the concentration of dissolved carbon (DOC). First, SUVA was used as a surrogate parameter instead of more complex measurements to assess the potential formation of trihalomethanes (THMs) (Edzwald et al., 1985). Currently ability of the parameter SUVA to predict the formation of individual classes of DBPs (Disinfection By-Products) on hygiene of drinking water has been studied most. Most of the studies examine in particular the formation of THMs and HAAs (Haloacetic Acids) which are strictly regulated because of their harmful effect for the environment and human health. Its questionless advantage is a quick and easy setting directly in the water treatment plants. However, the existing studies provide quite contradictory conclusions regarding its practical benefits to predict how the water reacts with disinfectant and forms DBPs during the treatment. Based on the evaluation of the available literature SUVA seems to be more suitable for humic nature water which show high value SUVA...
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Characterization of extracellular and intracellular organic matter produced by phytoplankton in relation to water treatment
Zezulová, Tereza ; Pivokonský, Martin (advisor) ; Janda, Václav (referee)
This study investigated characteristics of algal organic matter (AOM) derived from four species (cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa and Merismopedia tenuissima, diatom Fragilaria crotonensis and green alga Chlamydomonas geitleri) dominating phytoplanktonic populations in the reservoirs supplying drinking water treatment plants - the water reservoirs Švihov (the Želivka water treatment plant) and Josefův Důl (the Jizerské Mountains), Czech Republic. The four mentioned microorganisms were cultivated under laboratory conditions and the algal growth was quantified by a number of cells, chrorophyll-a and optical density. Production of AOM was evaluated by dissolved organic carbon concentration measurements, by specific UV absorbance, the amount of peptide/protein and non-peptide (carbohydrate) contents, water affinity and molecular weight (MW). AOM of all considered microorganisms are formed predominantly by hydrophilic substances with low values of specific UV absorbance (< 2 L/(m.mg)). Considerable portions of both types of AOM, i.e. extracellular and cellular organic matters are represented by substances with MW < 1 kDa or with MW > 100 kDa. However, the total amount and composition of AOM significantly depend on algal species and their growth. The obtained results imply that the knowledge of AOM...
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Life Cycle Assessment of water treatetment technology
Cabejšková, Zuzana ; Kočí, Vladimír (advisor) ; Pivokonský, Martin (referee)
Charles University in Prague Faculty of Science Institute for Environmental Studies Ecology and Environmental Protection Environmental Protection Bachelor Thesis - Abstract Life Cycle Assessment of Water Treatment Technology Posuzování životního cyklu výroby pitné vody Author: Zuzana Cabejšková Supervisor: Doc. Ing. Vladimír Kočí, Ph.D. Prague, May 2012 Abstract (English) This bachelor thesis consists of a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of two water treatment plants (WTP) in the Czech Republic. The first WTP is situated in Hrdějovice in South Bohemia and treats underground raw water. The second WTP is in Central Bohemia and treats surface water from the Želivka reservoir. The pumping of raw water and its subsequent treatment were considered for the purposes of LCA; other phases of the life cycle of potable water such as distribution weren't taken into account. Waterworks companies provided data on consumption of energy and materials. Based on this data, the environmental impacts of 1m3 of treated water were calculated and a comparison of the two WTPs within different impact categories was performed. It was found that WTP Hrdějovice has a four-time lower overall environmental impact than WTP Želivka. Global Warming Potential, Acidification Potential and Abiotic Depletion of fossil fuels were identified as the...
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Removal of iron and manganese in water treatment process
Šafaříková, Jana ; Hnaťuková, Petra (advisor) ; Pivokonský, Martin (referee)
This diploma thesis is aimed at the evaluation of water treatment technology in Písty waterworks which treats raw water with high concentration of iron and manganese. The most common method of iron and manganese removal from raw water is based on oxidation to insoluble hydrated oxides followed by separation of formed aggregates. The plant technology consists of aeration, oxidation agent KMnO4 dosing and mixing, sedimentation, filtration and hygienic protection. Chemical analysis of treated water, evaluation of the aeration efficiency of iron and manganese oxidation, evaluation of the separation efficiency of the sedimentation tank and filters, assessment of distribution of iron and manganese in the filter, assessment of dirt holding capacity and optimization of KMnO4 dose were determined. Raw water pH fluctuated around 7,3 during measurements, whereas iron and manganese concentrations in raw water were 6,00 and 0,82 mg.l-1 , respectively. Oxidation of 97,2 % of dissolved iron and of 14,3 % of dissolved manganese was achieved after the aeration. The separation efficiency of the sedimentation tank was 82,9 % for iron and 46,5 % for manganese, however the separation efficiency of the second half of the sedimentation tank was low. Thus, the perforated baffles in the second half of the sedimentation...
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Influence of algal organic matter on coagulation of phytoplanktonic cells
Stránská, Štěpánka ; Pivokonský, Martin (advisor) ; Barešová, Magdalena (referee)
When algal or cyanobacterial populations increase in drinking water reservoirs, water treatment technologies have to cope not only with increased cell numbers but also with algal organic matter (AOM). The presence of cells and AOM in raw water causes some problems in the drinking water treatment process that can lead to the drinking water production of unsatisfactory quality. Residual algae cells and AOM can form toxic disinfection by-products (DBPs). Therefore, to maintain the cell integrity and prevent the release of AOM, it is essential for algae-polluted water treatment. This thesis examines the influence of AOM on coagulation of algal and cyanobacterial cells. The efficiency of coagulation is affected by various algae characteristics. The important have particularly the dependence of the coagulant dose on the cell surface area and the size and value of the surface charge of cells. It has been demonstrated that AOM can have not only negative but also positive influence on coagulation of cells. The presence of high concentrations particularly of low molecular weight (MW) AOM results in inhibition of coagulation. On the other hand, coagulation is improved by low concentration of high-MW AOM (particularly proteins) at approximately pH 4-6. Nowadays, for removal coagulated cells dissolved air...
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