National Repository of Grey Literature 54 records found  1 - 10nextend  jump to record: Search took 0.00 seconds. 
The malfunction concept in complex systems
Švarný, Petr ; Jirků, Petr (advisor) ; Peregrin, Jaroslav (referee)
The paper studies the concept of malfunction or illness, which are characterized by nonstandard or undesirable behaviour of the given complex systems. The parallels and differences between natural and artificial mind, simple and complex systems are shown to be crucial for the conclusion, that mental disorders must not be restricted to human minds.
Formalization of reasoning and the paradox of surprise examination
Nevrkla, Svatopluk ; Svoboda, Vladimír (advisor) ; Peregrin, Jaroslav (referee)
Po prezentaci možných přístupů k řešení problému v první kapitole jsem ve druhé kapitole poukázal na Sorensenovu kritiku pokusů interpretovat paradox jinak, než pomocí modálních reprezentací epistemických, či doxastických logik. Třetí kapitola byla věnována představení potřebných pojmů k pochopení Binkleyho přínosu k diskuzi paradoxu. V kapitole čtvrté jsem nakonec ukázal, že pokud se přidržíme výše zmíněného přístupu a idealizujeme si usuzovací schopnosti studenta, je analýza paradoxu, kterou provedl Binkley, korektní. Učitelovo oznámení se nám však zdá intuitivně srozumitelné a důvěryhodné, jelikož sami původně nepředjímáme studentův argument v celé komplexnosti. Pokud se s ním však již jednou ztotožníme, nezbude nám než učitelovo tvrzení odmítnout jako absurdní. Budoucnost možných příspěvků k Paradoxu překvapivé písemky pak vidím ve formalismech, které směřují k popisu explicitních znalostí.
Protocolar and observation sentences
Navara, David ; Peregrin, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Svoboda, Vladimír (referee)
This work focuses on the comparison of Carnap's account of protocolar sentences and Quine's account of observation sentences. Carnap's works on protocolar sentences date back to the beginning of 1930's. His chief idea was to make a bridge between science and experience and to transmit the connection between the terms of various scientific fields. Some of Carnap's ideas were questioned by Otto Neurath, who shared with Carnap the physicalistic approach, but had a different view on the desirable features of the protocolar sentences. Within Carnap's theory, protocolar sentences were intended to refer to the sensory characteristics of the physical world. The very conception of protocolar sentences was inspired by physicist's or psychologist's reports, but protocolar sentences in Carnapean sense could also be produced by animals or machines. Carnap originally believed some protocolar sentences to be fundamental and unquestionable. They should have afforded a safe ground for the development of science. Neurath's objections against such a view forced Carnap to adjust his own theory. Carnap also gave up his hopes of total verification, but still expected his theory to enable the confirmation of the general statements of the form "Every X is Y." with a sufficient level of certainty. Carnap's conception faced various...
Frege and Husserl on Objectivity
Jankovská, Lenka ; Peregrin, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Beran, Ondřej (referee)
This bachelor thesis is concerned with early works of significant logi- cians and philosophers Gottlob Frege and Edmund Husserl at the turn of the nineteenth and the twentieth centuries. Most importantly, it deals with their solution of the objectivity of arithmetic and the objectivity itself. At first they both started in the same direction and they har- shly rejected psychologism. They also introduced similar differentiation of sense and reference. According to Frege, the reference of a sentence is a truth value, however, according to Husserl, it is a state of affairs. The sense is the way of referring to an object, also called intentionality. The sense in a sentence is a thought according to Frege and it is a noema according to Husserl. They both put emphasis on objectivity of number but they gradually went in different direction. Frege identified number with extension of concept, however, this subsequently let his system to dispute. Husserl derived number by abstraction, which exposed him to Frege's harsh criticism. Key words Frege, Husserl, objectivity, logic
The logic of Charles S. Peirce
Houška, Martin ; Kolman, Vojtěch (advisor) ; Peregrin, Jaroslav (referee)
Tato práce se pokouší zmapovat hlavní přínosy Charlese Sanderse Peirce v logice. Hlavní pozornost zde bude věnována Peircově teorii existenčních grafů, které jsou, mezi ostatními významnými Peircovými objevy, často opomínány. V centrální pasáži o existenčních grafech se pokusíme dostatečně jasně vysvětlit principy fungování těchto grafů a dále ukážeme některé jejich významné vlastnosti. Protože se tato práce věnuje téměř výhradně jen objevům Charlese Sanderse Peirce považuji za vhodné, hned na úvod uvést několik základních informací o jeho životě. Charles Sanders Peirce (18391914), syn Benjamina Peirce (profesora matematiky na Harvardské univerzitě), je světově uznáván jako logik a filosof, ovšem věnoval se i ekonomii, právu a sociálním vědám1. Peirce je ve filosofii znám jako čelní představitel pragmatismu a je mnohými považován za vůbec největšího amerického logika. Množství jeho publikací se pohybuje kolem 12 000 tištěných stran a jeho zatím známé a nevydané manuskripty se počítají na 80 000 ručně popsaných stran. Ač byl Peirce za svého života nedoceňován, jeho práce ovlivnila mnoho generací myslitelů po něm, jmenujme například Schrödera a Peana. Peirce sám stavěl na myšlenkovém odkazu Immanuela Kanta, dále na pracích logiků a matematiků jako byli například Leonhard Euler nebo William z Ockhamu. Charles...
The Role of Convention in Austin's Speech Act Theory
Josisová, Pavlína ; Peregrin, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Kolman, Vojtěch (referee)
The diploma thesis examines the role of convention in J. L. Austin's speech act theory. It describes the possibility of "how to do things with words": such an analysis of language will be suggested that does not focus on the category of truth when dealing with particular utterances but rather replaces it with the category of felicity of a speech act in the social context. After having offered the explication including the central points of the given theory, there starts the investigation of which parts of the speech act theory are conventionally based and what role do conventions play in the speech act theory as a whole.
Semantics of some unusual modal logics
Punčochář, Vít ; Peregrin, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Bílková, Marta (referee)
The rst part deals with Carnap s contribution to the modal logic. The Carnap s work is included in the historical context. His reaction to the Lewis calculi of the strict implication is discussed and also his anticipation of the Kripkean possible worlds semantics, which the contemporary modal logic is based on. The main aim of the second part was to consider some kinds of modalities. These kinds of modalities have epistemic character because they always depend on certain knowledge. The main result of the diploma work is the introduction of four new logics. Their semantics is set up in the similar fashion in which Carnap de ned his own modal logic. Some basic features of these logics are shown and their axiomatization and relationship to some other more usual logics is investigated.
Instrumentality of knowledge: instrumentalism in philosophy of scienc
Cvek, Boris ; Peregrin, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Kolman, Vojtěch (referee) ; Švec, Ondřej (referee)
Richard Rorty's main thesis in his work Philosphy and the Mirror of Nature centers on a critique of representationalism in a fundamentally relativistic way. The aim of this disseration is to grasp Rorty's ideas in broader sense as a critique of inadequate interpretation of knowing- that and shift the attention to knowing-how as a key to new understanding the success of natural sciences. The fact that something is reproducibly possible for us to make in the surrounding world is not relative, and it is precisely in this way that technology (knowing- how) spreads so successfully even at multi-cultural level. In contrast, the explanatory function (knowing-that) of the natural sciences is relative, making sense only in the context of what is already known and accepted. Natural sciences are so successful because their experiments and only then take agreement of hypothesis with experimental practice (knowing-how) as the criterion of its acceptability. This dissertation offers, as a way out of Rortian relativism, the concept of "open authority" and proposes a new development in philosophic pragmatism based on it.
Folk Dualism and the Two Conceptual Realms
Jirout Košová, Michaela ; Peregrin, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Koreň, Ladislav (referee) ; Sytsma, Justin (referee)
The thesis focuses on the irreducibility of the concept of a person to scientific view of the world. The main inspiration for thematising this specific aspect of folk dualism comes from Donald Davidson (two realms) and Wilfrid Sellars (two images). The theoretical sections are complemented by reflexion on results of empirical studies provided mostly by experimental philosophy in order to demonstrate how this approach benefits attempts to reach complex view of philosophical questions that have close connection to moral dimension of human life. The first chapter addresses a wider concept of self and introduces the idea of the necessity to bring the two conceptual realms on the scene: there is a specific conceptual realm (irreducible to physical realm or scientific image) enabling proper grasp of the concept of a person. The subsequent chapters address particular sub-concepts of the concept of self. The second chapter focuses on the concept of free will, and by referring to different views it points to the necessity to bring folk concepts into consideration. It concludes that the folk concept of free agent is transcendent with regard to scientific accounts and bears certain "supernatural" characteristics connected to the concept of conscious will. The third (and central) chapter brings focus on the...

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