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New aproaches to myocardial atrophy attenuation after mechanical unloading - Experimental study of heterotopic heart transplantation in rats
Pokorný, Martin ; Malý, Jiří (advisor) ; Ošťádal, Petr (referee) ; Rohn, Vilém (referee)
Cardiac atrophy, as a result of a long term mechanical unloading observed in patients treated with mechanical circulatory supports, represents a substantial obstacle in cardiac recovery. The first aim of this thesis was to evaluate the course of unloading-induced cardiac atrophy in healthy and failing heart. Mechanical unloading was studied in an experimental model of heterotopic heart transplantation in rats. Heart failure was experimentally induced by chronic volume overload achieved by creation of aorto-caval fistula. The second aim of this thesis was to discover if dietary induced increase in fatty acids concentration in heart tissue, specifically myristic, palmitic and palmitooleic, that are believed to promote physiological heart growth, could attenuate the course of cardiac atrophy. The third aim of this thesis was to examine if increased isovolumic loading obtained by intraventricular implantation of newly designed spring expander would attenuate the development of cardiac atrophy. The level of cardiac atrophy was evaluated as the weight loss of the heterotopically tranplanted heart compared to the control heart on days 7, 14, 21 and 28 after heterotopic transplantation. The cardiomyocyte width and the level of cardiac fibrosis was studied simultaneously. Mechanical unloading following heterotopic...
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Integration of Migrants into the Czech Society
Pokorný, Martin ; Havlík, Radomír (advisor) ; Kubišová, Zuzana (referee)
The aim of my diploma work is to study the subject of integration of foreigners into the Czech society. For that purpose I intend to use research questionnaires and to compare my results with results of other researches conducted by NGOs. Secondary aim is to map legal status of foreigners in the Czech Republic, historical reasons for migration and its development, and the composition of migrating population in Europe. Furthermore, I will focus on access to health and social insurance and to the health care system as well as on education and work opportunities which foreigners have in the Czech Republic.
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The Poetics of Space in The Alexandria Quartet.
Malý, Lukáš ; Bílek, Petr (advisor) ; Pokorný, Martin (referee)
Poetics of space in The Alexandria Quartet is created by multilevel structures. This poetics is closely connected to the main space of the story - Alexandria, which is at the same time one of the novel's topics. Each level is suggested in connection to various theoretical conceptions which are subsequently used for my own analysis. Alexandria is initially an aesthetic coulisse of the story which is portrayed by descriptive passages. Strongly subjective and lyrical descriptions of the city establish overall impression of the story and potentially support reader's experiential illusion. Alexandria and its specificity is further modulated and thematised by its special macroscopic conditions which border Alexandria as an autonomous fictional space with its own rules within the novel's fictional world. Part of poetics of the space in this novel is also portraying spatio-temporal aspect of the reality (chronotope) no only on the level of the story, but also on the level of storytelling. Alexandria is further explicit rhetoric and also through semantic indexation personified and enters semantic relations with the main characters and events. Each level is complementary to another and all are part of the semantic gesture of the novel. Alexandria becomes a separate symbol, mythical entity which importance is...
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Nowhere and Somewhere: Utopia, Dystopia and Their Relative Location
Pomahač, Ondřej ; Pokorný, Martin (advisor) ; Hrdlička, Josef (referee)
The work criticizes the dichotomy utopia - dystopia, especially the way the two are being defined as genres in some theoretical reflections representing that represent the main approaches to the theoretical concept of utopia and dystopia. The work also analyses sample literary texts traditionally labelled as utopias or dystopias. In the first part we review some definitions and present their shortcomings. Consequently, we reject the attempts to make general definitions as they fail to become reasonable basis for literary research. The texts being accounted for are the classical utopias and dystopias: Thomas More's Utopia, Tommaso Campanella's The City of the Sun, Francis Bacon's New Atlantis, Yevgeny Zamyatin's We, Aldous Huxley's Brave New World and George Orwell's 1984. The second part offers a comparative approach to the text analysis based on textual relationships and the assemblage of text (the rules for building the text structure). Apparently, such analysis spares the need to make general definitions of the terms and to look for the nature of utopia and dystopia.
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Language and Institiution
Kučerová, Barbora ; Pokorný, Martin (advisor) ; Švec, Ondřej (referee)
(in English): The aim of this thesis is to clarify the normative character of language, that is, how we are bound by a certain set of rules in every speech. We will look into this normative character of language by articulating two essential questions: in what is this normativity grounded and which aspects constitute language as an institution. In the first part of the paper we interpret the work of three authors, Ferdinand de Saussure, Charles S. Peirce and Pierre Bourdieu, in order to answer the question on what the normative character of language is founded. In this part we mainly look into the relationship between language and social consensus, habit/acting and institutions. In the second part of the paper we give a definition of language institution which is inspired by the work of Peirce and Bourdieu. Further on we clarify in systematic way those aspects of language which can be considered as normative. Firstly, we point out those which are clearly part of language, such as lexicon, pronunciation and intonation, official language and institution symbolized by language. The last aspects that we will analyse are speech genres, belief, habit/acting and power.
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The phenomenon of fiction
Koblížek, Tomáš ; Pokorný, Martin (advisor) ; Petříček, Miroslav (referee)
The subject of the work is the problem of the fictionality of literary texts. The work is divided into three parts. The first part deals with the nature of poetic language. The central thesis is that literature cannot be perceived as a set of objective attributes of a given statement but as the way utterance affects the reader, that is, as a phenomenon. This assumption allows us to define fictionality tentatively as a phenomenon or as an aspect of the phenomenon of literature. The second part introduces a critique of the theory of fictional world. The objections are concerned with the concept of the world as an aggregate of objects, characters and events, relation between the texture and the fictional world viewed as mediating representation, the concept of literary creation as a translating of extensional plane to the intensional one, and the concept of reading as the reconstruction of fictional objects. The third part suggests an answer to the problem of the fictionality. Considering Patočka's essay Učení o minulém rázu umění the phenomenon of literature is defined as the flowing of objective component of experience into the non-objective one. The fictional object is thus conceived as the vanishing object in the sense of its becoming the non-object.
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Interpretative Semantics as a Contribution to Reception of a Literary Text
Koblížek, Tomáš ; Pokorný, Martin (advisor) ; Voldřichová - Beránková, Eva (referee) ; Petříček, Miroslav (referee)
The thesis deals with the project of interpretative semantics as it has been developed by the French linguist François Rastier. The aim of the thesis is twofold: Firstly, to introduce and to further elaborate on the principles of this theory. Secondly, to point out possible benefits of Rastier's project for interpretation and analysis of literary texts. The key issue which characterizes the Rastier's semantics and which also represents the main axis of the present thesis can be put forward as follows. On one hand, the interpretative semantics grasps the text as a linguistic object which is open to various formal arrangements and to various articulations of semantic units. On the other hand, each text in its linguistic and non-linguistic context receives a particular shape and particular meaning. This general issue is discussed in detail in four mutually bound chapters where it is also applied on literary texts: (1) The first chapter deals with the notion of isotopy as the main textual principle. From the perspective of this concept a text cannot be grasped as a "big sentence" with an apriori determined syntax. Textuality rather resides in relationships between iterated (isotopic) elements which can be detected in the particular text on different linguistic levels (morphemes, lexies, sentences)....
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The expressiveness of experience: a structural and phenomenological account of the Russian formalists' "aesthetic of estrangement"
Flack, Patrick ; Vojvodík, Josef (advisor) ; Kubíček, Tomáš (referee) ; Pokorný, Martin (referee)
In their seminal studies in literary theory and poetics, the Russian formalists (Šklovskij, Tynjanov, Jakobson, etc.) famously claim that aesthetic experience amounts to a self-valuable, concrete act of perception functionally induced and conditioned by the formal structure of a work of art or literature. This aesthetic principle, christened by Šklovskij as "estrangement" (ostranenie), played an instrumental role in the formalists' contribution to the establishment and development of literary theory as an autonomous scientific discipline. It has also regularly inspired other thinkers and provided the impetus for productive new insights on art or literature, a fact that seems to underline its acuity and relevance. At the same time however, the formalists' "strange" account of art and literature has been routinely disparaged for being altogether inadequate, philosophically flimsy and descriptively too narrow. Critics have pointed out that the formalists' assertions on the topic of perception rest but on a set of ad hoc psychological hypotheses and are overly determined by their specific scientific aims and modernist prejudices. Worse, the principle of estrangement has been credibly attacked for being semiotically naïve and for stripping art and literature of any "content" or meaning, to say nothing...
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Three stories between East and West: "Virtuous young man", "Divine lover", "Sacrifice of a child"
Špicová, Zuzana ; Vojvodík, Josef (advisor) ; Pokorný, Martin (referee)
The thesis deals with the realization of three narratives -"Virtuous Young Man", "Divine Lover", and "Sacrifice of a Child"- in diverse literatures of East and West. Basic form, characters/(arche)types, and motifs and their possible variations depending on cultural, literary, and religious/mythological setting are presented for each plot. Using historical and comparative poetics, each plot is analysed from the first extant adaptations in European and non-European literatures to the modern ones. The thesis puts an emphasis on specification and configuration of particular motifs, variations depending on the religious-mythological context, and tension between the same and different, general pattern and specific realization, type and character.
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