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Low carbohydrate regimes (low carb diet, the cyclical ketogenic diet, intermittent fasting) and their impact on cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, muscular strength, sports performance and muscle cells resistance against exercise
Kysel, Pavel ; Vilikus, Zdeněk (advisor) ; Otáhal, Jakub (referee) ; Stackeová, Daniela (referee)
(EN) Low-carbohydrate diets are a debated topic in relation to athletic performance, overweight and obesity, but also to the health status of the individual. The impact on health and fitness is still ambiguous. The aim of this study was to compare and investigate the effect of a low carbohydrate, in this case ketogenic, diet on body composition, sports performance at different exercise loads and levels of selected circulating cytokines. Our study aimed to investigate the effects of a cyclic ketogenic reduction diet (CKD) vs. a nutritionally balanced reduction diet (RD) combined with regular resistance/aerobic training in healthy young men for 8 weeks. Participants in both the CKD and RD groups reduced their body weight, body fat, and body mass index (BMI) values. In the CKD group, the amount of fat-free mass (net body weight) and the amount of water in the body decreased. In the RD group, however, the volume of these parameters did not change significantly. Muscle strength parameters were not affected in the CKD group, while maximal strength performances in chest pulldown and lower limb press increased in the RD group. Similarly, endurance performances were not affected in the CKD group, whereas maximal power output and maximal oxygen consumption increased in the RD group. Our findings suggest that...
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Morphological and mechanical properties of fibrous tissue localized in congenital talipes equinovarus
Vondrášek, David ; Hadraba, Daniel (advisor) ; Otáhal, Jakub (referee) ; Gumulec, Jaromír (referee)
Author's title and name: Mgr. David Vondrášek Institution: Charles University in Prague Faculty of Physical Education and Sport José Martího 269/31 Praha 6, 162 52, Česká republika Study programme: Biomechanics Thesis name: Morphological and mechanical properties of fibrous tissue localized in congenital talipes equinovarus Thesis supervisor: Ing. Mgr. Daniel Hadraba, Ph.D. Year of defense: 2024 Number of pages: Total 111; Cover 1, Declaration 1, Acknowledgment 1, Preface 2, Table of content 2, Main text 77, Bibliography 27 Number of scientific papers: 6 papers Key words: talipes equinovarus congenitus, relapsed clubfoot, label-free optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy, mechanical properties, multi-modal analysis Text: Abstract (english) Abstract Talipes equinovarus congenitus (clubfoot) is a congenital deformity affecting lower limbs, mainly the areas around the ankle joint and foot. The affected feet have a distinct club-like appearance, where the feet are contracted to the medial side. The medial side contains fibrotic tissue, which contains an increased amount of collagen deposited by cells through fibrosis. As a result, the tissue of the medial side appears as stiff to orthopaedic practitioners, and clubfoot is frequently reported as contracted and stiff in the literature without any...
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Neuromuscular control of motor units in strength and coordination dependant tasks for lower limbs
Šádek, Petr ; Otáhal, Jakub (advisor) ; Ravnik, David (referee) ; Vláčilová, Ivana (referee)
Title: Neuromuscular control of motor units in strength and coordination dependent tasks for lower limbs. Objective: To compare muscle activity on the level of motor units through decomposition of surface electromyography signal from vastus medialis during given strength and coordination oriented movement tasks and to describe eventual differences in the parameters of tracked motor units in regards to given movement tasks. To assess the quality of chosen method for describing the muscle activity control on the level of motor units for further possible applications in the research and clinical environment. To summarize relevant knowledge acquired through the decomposition method of surface electromyography signal regarding the control of movement, motor unit activation and other relevant informations for clinical environment. Method: Theoretical part of the work presents the decomposition method, the process of its evolution and its constituent parts in the context of electromyographic evaluation of muscles along with selected chapters of neuromuscular kinesiology on the level of motor units. The experimental portion of presented thesis was carried out on 12 probands in the age of 23,2 (+- 5,3) years, who were instructed to perform the selected movement tasks of single leg squat in two different...
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Activation of neuroglia after status epilepticus induced by intracerebroventricular application of 4-aminopyridine in the rat.
Uttl, Libor ; Otáhal, Jakub (advisor) ; Stuchlík, Aleš (referee)
Epilepsy is a chronic disease characterized by spontaneous epileptic seizures. One percent of the world population is affected by the epilepsy. The existence of proper models is crucial for study of distinct types of epilepsy. We decided to deeply describe the model of status epilepticus (SE) induction in an adult rat by the intracerebroventricular application of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP). For description of this model we used the histology and immunohistochemistry methods, the western blot analysis focused on the microglial activation markers, and the series of behavioral tests to reveal the functional influence of SE in chronical experiment (8 months). We described the ability of the 4-AP to induce SE in this model. After SE, neuron degeneration and microglial activation appeared. The areas of degenerated neurons strongly corresponded to the regions with activated microglias. By the western blotting we demonstrated the oxidative stress by an increase of 3-nitrotyrosine already 2 hours after SE. Microglial activation detected by the immunohistochemistry correlated to the observed increase in IL-1β and CD68 production after SE. Considering these results we verified the functional influence of the SE in chronical experiment. We did not observed any significant changes of cognitive and motoric functions...
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Golf swing in subjects with amputation of lower extremity
Richtrová, Michaela ; Otáhal, Jakub (advisor) ; Šifta, Petr (referee)
Author: Bc. Michaela Richtrová Tittle: Golf swing in subjects with amputation of lower extremity Objectives: The study aims at evaluation of the technique of golf swing used by patients with a different type and level of lower extremity amputation as compared to able-bodied golfers. Another objective is determination of the relation between individual phases of the golf swing and weight transfer, using different golf clubs, as compared to able-bodied golfers. Method: By its topic the work is a pilot study. The research has been divided into three descriptive case studies. The experimental group included two amateur golfers and one professional golfer. The control group was represented by an able-bodied golfer. Evaluation of kinematic parameters (trajectory of shoulders, hips, knee joints) was based on the Qualysis Motion Capture System. Evaluation of dynamic parameters (weight transfer) in the course of golf swing was made using two dynamometric Kistler platforms. Results: The measuring has demonstrated that in terms of both kinematics and dynamics, the mode of movement of a patient with a trans-tibial amputation during a golf swing corresponds to that of an able-bodied golfer. The same results were achieved by the patient also with the use of another type of golf club. A change, both in terms of...
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Recruitment curve of H reflex in dignastics of radiculopathies.
Hrušková, Marcela ; Otáhal, Jakub (advisor) ; Ostrý, Svatopluk (referee)
Název práce: Náborová křivka H-reflexu v diagnostice radikulárních syndromů Cíle práce: Ověření spolehlivosti vyšetření náborové křivky H-reflexu a M-vlny diagnostice kompresivní radikulopatie Metody práce: U 24 osob s jednostranným kořenový syndromem S1 byl vyšetřen H-reflex m. soleus oboustranně bipolární stimulací n.tibialis v popliteální jamce. Elektromyografický signál byl digitalizován a následně byla hodnocena data pro asymptomatickou a symptomatickou končetinu. Hodnoceny byly prahy pro vyvolání H-reflexu a M-vlny, latence a amplitudy H-reflexu a M-vlny, strmost náborové křivky, její maxima Hmax. a Mmax. a poměr Hmax/Max . Tyto hodnoty pro symptomatickou stranu a asymptomatickou stranu byly statisticky porovnány. Výsledky: Výsledky měření potvrdily, že vyšetření náborové křivky H-reflexu je vhodnou diagnostickou metodou k objektivizaci radikulopatie S1. Na symptomatické straně došlo k signifikantnímu poklesu Mmax., Hmax, poměru Hmax/Mmax a sklonu náborové křivky H-reflexu. Klíčová slova: radikulopatie, EMG, H-reflex, M-vlna, náborová křivka
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Detection of neuronal pathways after CNS lesions by using dextran amine.
Muchová, Zuzana ; Otáhal, Jakub (advisor) ; Konopková, Renata (referee)
Title of work: Detection of neuronal pathways after CNS lesions by using dextran amine. Aim: Develop a metodology for pathway tracing with the substance transmitted by axonal anterograde transport and compare iontophoretic and pressure injection of BDA. Methods: The experiment was performed on adult rats which where injected iontophoretic and pressure anterograde tracer BDA. One week after injection were decapitated in deep anesthesia, their brains removed, frozen in dry ice and stored at -70řC. The brains were then cut into thin coronal slice (50 µm), immunolabeled and loaded on microscopic slides. Individual sections were examined labeling nerve fibers at the injection site, its surroundings and contralateral side of the hemisphere. Results: After injections of anterograde tracer BDA into the nervous tissue have been shown labeling of nerve fibers at the injection site, surroundings and contralateral side of the hemisphere. As an efficient method for its injection was determined according to results of the pressure method. Key words: anterograde tracer, BDA, iontophoretic injection, cerebral ischemia, neuroplasticity
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Electrophysiological Models of Seizure like Activity for NO Detection in Vitro
Novák, Karel ; Otáhal, Jakub (advisor) ; Konopková, Renata (referee)
Definition of work: Electrophysiological models of seizure like activity for NO detection in vitro Supervisor: MUDr. Jakub Otáhal, PhD. Department of Anatomy and Biomechanics FTVS CUNI Department of Developmental Epileptology CAS, Institute of Physiology Consultant: Mgr. Renata Konopková Department of Developmental Epileptology CAS, Institute of Physiology Aim: The aim of the thesis is to introduce nitric oxide (NO) and its role in physiology and pathophysiolgy of central nervous system (CNS), with the intention of epileptiform activity in the nervous tissue. Our research was realized on rat hippocampal slices in vitro and it compares the experimental biochemical models (low-Mg2+ , high-K+ , Carbachol, Bicuculline and 4-Aminopyridine model). These changes in the environment of slice should evoke the epileptiform activity in the nervous tissue of the rat. The final aim of the thesis is to create an experimental model of epileptiform activity in vitro in our setup for imaging techniques and NO detection. Methods: Experiments were performed in rat hippocampal slices in vitro. Rats were deeply anaesthetized with ether and decapitated. Brain was rapidly removed from the scull, cut in oxygenated (95%) and cooled (0, 5 řC) artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) using vibratome in coronal slices of 400µm of...
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