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Testing independence in two-by-two tables
Obukhov, Andrey ; Omelka, Marek (advisor) ; Kulich, Michal (referee)
The main purpose of this work is to describe three well-known statistical tests of independence in two-by-two contingency tables. We will deeply study chi- squared test of independence, Fisher's exact test and Barnard's test and apply them on examples. Also we will describe, in general, categorical variables, which are often analysed using a multinomial distribution. At the end we will apply tests on the examples, using data simulated from a multinomial and binomial distribution. 1
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Testing independence in two-by-two tables
Obukhov, Andrey ; Omelka, Marek (advisor) ; Kulich, Michal (referee)
The main purpose of this work is to describe three well-known statistical tests of independence in two-by-two contingency tables. We will deeply study chi- squared test of independence, Fisher's exact test and Barnard's test and apply them on examples. Also we will describe, in general, categorical variables, which are often analysed using a multinomial distribution. At the end we will apply tests on the examples, using data simulated from a multinomial and binomial distribution. 1
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Aggregation of dependent risks
Asipenka, Anna ; Mazurová, Lucie (advisor) ; Omelka, Marek (referee)
In this thesis we are interested in the calculation of economic capital for the to- tal loss which is the sum of partial dependent losses, whose dependence structure is described by Archimedean and hierarchical Archimedean copulas. Firstly, the concept of economic capital and the ways of its aggregation are introduced. Then the basic definitions and properties of copulas are listed, as well as the depen- dence measures. After that we work with definition and properties of Archimedean copulas and their simulation. We also mention the most popular families of Ar- chimedes copulas. Next, hierarchical Archimedean copulas are defined, as well as the algorithm for their sampling. Finally, we present methods for estimating the parameters of copulas and the recursive algorithm for estimating the hierarchical Archimedean copula structure. In the last chapter we perform simulation studies of selected models using hierarchical Archimedes copulas. 1
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Edgeworth expansion
Dzurilla, Matúš ; Omelka, Marek (advisor) ; Nagy, Stanislav (referee)
This thesis is focused around Edgeworth's expansion for approximation of distribution for parameter estimation. Aim of the thesis is to introduce term Edgeworth's expansion, its assumptions and terminology associated with it. Afterwards demonstrate process of deducting first term of Edgeworth's expansion. In the end demonstrate this deduction on examples and compare it with different approximations (mainly central limit theorem), and show strong and weak points of Edgeworth's expansion.
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Variance stabilizing transformations
Kuželová, Noemi ; Omelka, Marek (advisor) ; Komárek, Arnošt (referee)
Abstract. We often examine data whose sample mean converges to a normal distribution, but the variance generally depends on an unknown parameter. To get rid of this dependence, we can sometimes use the so-called variance-stabilizing transformation method. Firstly, this thesis explains the method in detail and finds a general procedure to find suitable transformations. Then it will focus on data from Poisson and binomial distributions with unknown parameters. For these data, it finds transformations that stabilize (asymptotic) variance, and compares them with the "improved"transforms from the article Anscombe (1948). Most of the thesis is devoted to the shape of these transformations. Finally, we show in the Poisson distribution simulation that it is really appropriate to use this method and compare the derived transformation with its Anscombe version.
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Continuity correction
Štěpán, Marek ; Omelka, Marek (advisor) ; Maciak, Matúš (referee)
For an approximation of discrete random variable, which is the sum of n inde- pendent, identically distributed discrete random variables, we can use the central limit theorem. However, it turns out that we can refine this approximation by applying continuity correction. This term is explained in the thesis, and it is illustrated several ways how the continuity correction can be derived. There is also a numerical comparison of the approximation error for the binomial distribu- tion approximation by the normal distribution with the correction for continuity and approximation without the correction. There are also described confidence intervals and χ2 test of independence in contingency tables in which continu- ity correction are used. On simulations for various parameters, we will test the properties of these intervals (true confidence level and length) and tests (actual significance level and power).
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Score tests in contingency tables
Jex, Martin ; Omelka, Marek (advisor) ; Kulich, Michal (referee)
The thesis deals with testing of hypotheses in multinomial distribution. It utilizes two approaches, Pearson's approach known as the of goodness of fit test and the approach stemming from theory of maximum likelihood. The thesis presents derivations of tests based on maximum likelihood. Both approaches are used on the multinomial distribution and for both cases with and without nuisance parameters. The links between both approaches are presented as well. Furthermore both approaches are illustrated on real data to facilitate better understanding of the discussed problems. 1
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The method of re-weighting (calibration) in survey sampling
Michálková, Anna ; Omelka, Marek (advisor) ; Antoch, Jaromír (referee)
In this thesis, we study re-weighting when estimating totals in survey sampling. The purpose of re-weighting is to adjust the structure of the sample in order to comply with the structure of the population (with respect to given auxiliary variables). We sum up some known results for methods of the traditional desin-based approach, more attention is given to the model-based approach. We generalize known asymptotic results in the model-based theory to a wider class of weighted estimators. Further, we propose a consistent estimator of asymptotic variance, which takes into consideration weights used in estimator of the total. This is in contrast to usually recommended variance estimators derived from the design-based approach. Moreover, the estimator is robust againts particular model misspecifications. In a simulation study, we investigate how the proposed estimator behaves in comparison with variance estimators which are usually recommended in the literature or used in practice. 1
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Edgeworth expansion
Dzurilla, Matúš ; Omelka, Marek (advisor) ; Nagy, Stanislav (referee)
This thesis is focused around Edgeworths expansion for aproximation of distribution for parameter estimation. Aim of the thesis is to introduce term Edgeworths expansion, its assumptions and terminology associeted with it. Afterwords demonstrate process of deducting first term of Edgeworths expansion. In the end demonstrate this deduction on examples and compare it with different approximations (mainly central limit theorem), and show strong and weak points of Edgeworths expansion.
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Testing equivalence and noninferiority
Rychterová, Nela ; Antoch, Jaromír (advisor) ; Omelka, Marek (referee)
This master thesis deals with topics related to the task whether customers are able to recognize a difference between products. First, testing of equivalence and non-inferiority is discussed in detail. It is an important tool when verifying that two products are equivalent or that a new product is not substantially worse than a current product. Afterwards, Thurstone's approach is introduced as a way to evaluate the impact of a stimulus on human senses. Subsequently, using the previous chapters, there is a detailed discussion dealing with three standards wi- dely used in practice in the case when someone needs to apply sensory evaluation to verify whether customers are able to recognize a difference between products. In particular, these are duo-trio, triangle and paired comparison tests. There is a thorough explanation of their statistical base and the tests are compared accor- ding to their power. Furthermore, an approach based on the Thurstone's theory is introduced as an alternative to the standard methods. Moreover, this thesis introduces Saaty's approach to the estimation of a priority vector, which is a useful tool to compare, to order or to choose the best one from n objects. We also introduce another approach to estimation of a priority vector which is based on Saaty's idea. 1
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