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Chess in Vladimir Nabokov's romans
Nováková, Marta ; Zadražil, Ladislav (referee) ; Chlupáčová, Kamila (advisor)
Thesis "Chess in works of Vladimir Nabokov - world and destiny modelling as a chess game" does not observe specific author's work (novel of "russian period") only with chess game aspect, but also from angle creating and solving chess problems. Especially in this activity Nabokov viewed analogy between writer and his readers. All these relationships in his works we tried to cipher out, analyze and aplicate in a wider criterion in his writting. If we describe chess and chess problems as a fable of this thesis, then we find its topic as a creation and all difficulties connected to it: creation of brand new worlds with its specifics codes, author's uneasy inheritance and recipients edification. At first, we evolved all these aspects in allready mentioned novels of russian period ("from Mary to The Gift"), so we could deal with these aspects in details in Nabokov's novel The Defence, something like Nabokov's manifest of creative approaches. Each thesis's chapter is lead with chess inclosure, where is not only simple commentary of chess history and rules of this king's game, but we also analyze author's one chess problem. And in its composition we find parallel with constructive principels in his novels.
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Maternal entrainment during prenatal ontogenesis of the rat
Nováková, Marta ; Sumová, Alena (advisor) ; Novotná, Růžena (referee)
Under constant conditions, many biological processes repeat regularly with a period about 24 hour, i.e., exhibit circadian rhythms. For example, these rhythms are in sleep/wakefulness, locomotor activity, hormonal secretion and body temperature. In mammals, circadian rhythms are controlled centrally from the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). At the molecular level, the periodicity of these rhythms is due to the rhythmic expression of clock genes within individual neurons of the SCN. The expression of the clock genes is controlled by transcriptional-translational feedback loops. Apart form the SCN, the clock genes are rhytmically transcribed also in various peripheral tissues. The peripheral oscillations are synchronized centrally by the SCN clock that is entrained precisely to the 24 hour day by regular changes of the light and dark period, namely by the light period of the day. The central and peripheral circadian clocks drive rhythmic expression of clock-controlled genes and thus affect many physiological processes. Malfunctions in the circadian system may contribute to development of many diseases, such as malignant growth, obesity or sleep disorders. Circadian clock in the SCN develops gradually during prenatal and early postnatal period. In the rat, this period lasts from around 14th day of...
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Income tax in the Czech republic and the European union
Nováková, Marta ; Marková, Hana (referee) ; Boháč, Radim (referee)
Taxes, one of the basic fiscal instruments, form the important part of the revenue of the national budget and thus enable the state to carry out its basic functions concerning especially the allocation of monetary resources into areas like health care, social services, defence and justice. At the time of socialism the economy in some European countries was in a deep crisis. The states reacted to recession resulting from the ineffective economy by taking loans from abroad. In order to overcome such debts the states started to impose the higher tax rates on the population which enables the economies slowly to grow. As a result, the governments were gradually able to reduce the tax rates, which had a favourable impact on population as well as on enterprises. The ex- socialistic European countries progressively try to catch up the advanced countries and their standart of living and taxation is an indispensable tool how to achieve this purpose. In Europe there were several tax reforms in last years, most of them in ex- socialistic European countries. In those reforms some interesting items occurred that could be taken over in other countries. Each state has the right to determine the conditions of tax collection from taxable entities within its territory. Tax liability is established by tax laws. In each...
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