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Sport - speed paintball
Mareš, Pavel ; Fiala, Miloš (advisor) ; Opelka, Luboš (referee)
Title: Sport/speed paintball Objectives: To Introduce the readers to competitive paintball and its basic set of rules Methods: Available materials regarding this topic were used Results: Overview of competitive paintball, its history, description of equipment, set of rules and ballistic parameters of a paintball marker Keyworlds: sport, population, safe, ballistics, training
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Development of callosal interhemispheric connection in laboratory rat
Matternová, Lucie ; Mareš, Pavel (advisor) ; Žiak, Jakub (referee)
Corpus callosum is the main commissure linking cortex of the right and left brain hemisphere. For the first time, the callosal axons are observed during E18, when they cross the midline. In PND 5, most axons reach the contralateral cortex, and at the end of the second postnatal week, the callosal projection neurons and axon terminals are located similarly to the adult animal. The interhemispheric response was first observed in the rat in PND 4 but myelination in PND 12, suggesting that the transcallosal response is not dependent on myelinization of callosal fibers. As the rat age increases, the wave duration of the TCR, latency peak and threshold decreases. As opposed to that, amplitude of the positive and negative wave increases with age. TCR may be affected by acute drug application or chronic exposure to various effects, such as hormones.
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Circadian clock in hippocampus
Šuchmanová, Karolína ; Sumová, Alena (advisor) ; Mareš, Pavel (referee)
Hippocampus is one of the main components of the limbic system. It plays an important role in the process of memory formation and recent literature shows that, like in other peripheral organs and brain structures, there is a circadian clock present in the hippocampus. The aim of the thesis was to study the hippocampal circadian clock under various conditions. The first part of the thesis examines the influence of glucocorticoid hormones on the clock gene expression in the hippocampus. Glucocorticoids are mammalian steroid hormones secreted from the adrenal glands that affect many processes in the organism. The glucocorticoid secretion is under the control of the circadian system, causing their levels to exhibit a pronounced diurnal rhythm. The hippocampus provides feedback to the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and is thus involved in the regulation of glucocorticoid hormone secretion. Hippocampal neurons also express glucocorticoid hormone receptors (GR). This thesis explores the effect of the absence of glucocorticoid hormones on the clock gene expression in the hippocampus. The absence of glucocorticoids was due to adrenalectomy and its effect was further compared with the effect of endogenous glucocorticoid replacement by daily injections of the GR agonist dexamethasone, emulating...
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Developmental changes in expression levels of the chosen subunits of NMDA and AMPA receptors and action of their antagonists on physiological and epileptic phenomena
Szczurowska, Ewa Katarzyna ; Mareš, Pavel (advisor) ; Rokyta, Richard (referee) ; Bendová, Zdeňka (referee)
During early stages of postnatal development, glutamate receptors of NMDA and AMPA type, undergo intensive functional changes due to modifications of their subunit composition (Pachernegg et al., 2012: Paoletti et al., 2013). The NR2B-containing NMDARs (NR2B/NMDARs) and GluA2-lacking AMPARs (Ca 2+ -permeable) that are highly expressed in immature brain, are implicated in increased excitability, seizures generation, excitotoxicity, and neuronal death (Vizi et al., 2013). Pharmacological blockade of these types of receptors by their specific antagonists, can exhibit anticonvulsant effects at early stages of postnatal development. Therefore, we tested the influence of the IEM1460, a specific antagonist of Ca 2+ -permeable AMPARs and the Ro 25-6981 maleate, a highly selective and activity-dependent antagonist of NR2B/NMDARs on physiological excitability and epileptic phenomena induced in immature rats. Anticonvulsant action of IEM1460 was tested in two models of epileptic seizures: pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)- induced convulsions and cortical afterdischarges (ADs), induced in animals at P12, P18 and P25. Our results indicate that the effects of IEM1460 on various types of seizures depend on their sites of origin in the brain, developmental stage, and GluA2 subunit expression profile. To clarify the action...
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Impact of different types of antidiabetic interventions on the development of neurodegenerative changes in brains of diabetic mice and rats
Popelová, Andrea ; Maletínská, Lenka (advisor) ; Mareš, Pavel (referee) ; Hölscher, Christian (referee)
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is neurological disorder characterized by extracellular beta amyloid plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles formed by hyper-phosphorylated Tau protein. Since type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a risk factor of AD development, in the first part of the thesis, a potential relationship between hyper-phosphorylation of Tau protein and central insulin resistance was followed in hippocampi of two models of obesity-induced pre-diabetes, fa/fa rats, and mice with monosodium glutamate (MSG) induced obesity. In both 8-month-old fa/fa rats and 6-month- old MSG mice a decreased phosphorylation of insulin signaling cascade resulted in an increased activation of main Tau kinase glycogen-synthase kinase-3Beta (GSK-3β) and an increased Tau phosphorylation at epitopes Ser396 and Thr231. This phenomenon was less developed in 2-month-old animals. The second part of the thesis was focused on a potential neuroprotective anorexigenic neuropeptide, prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP), designed at our Institute. Palmitoylation enabled PrRP to cross the blood-brain barrier and employ its central anorexigenic activity. In the third part of the thesis, an effect of 14-day-long SC administration of liraglutide, the most used anti-T2DM drug with central anorexigenic effect, and palmitoylated...
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Věkové a pohlavní rozdíly v GABAergní transmisi v substantia nigra pars reticulata u krys.
Chudomel, Ondřej ; Bojar, Martin (advisor) ; Vyklický, Ladislav (referee) ; Mareš, Pavel (referee)
Many experimental as well as clinical studies have shown that subcortical neuronal circuitries including the anterior part of the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNR) are closely involved in the control of seizures propagation and termination. In vivo studies in rats demonstrated that inhibition of the GABAergic SNRA electrical output increases the seizure threshold in the flurothyl model of generalized clonic seizures. The anticonvulsant properties of the SNRA are largely age- and sex-depended. In the current experiments were used 3 age groups of Sprague Dawley rats (PN5-9, PN11-16 and PN25-32 days, PN = postnatal) to study GABAergic inhibition. Two types of GABAergic inhibition were studied: a) a synaptic inhibition, which is generated by α1 and α3-containing GABAARs and b) a tonic inhibition mediated by extrasynaptic δ subunit-containing GABAARs. Immunohistochemistry showed that the α1 subunit expression was generally more abundant in adult rats and females while the α3 subunit dominated in the early development and gradually decreased by the age of PN30. The more α1 subunit was expressed the faster were the kinetics, higher the mean amplitudes and frequencies of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs). The α subunit subtype underlies sensitivity to zolpidem, which preferentially...
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Influencing motor activity in laboratory rat offspring by specific antagonist of AMPA receptors.
Soukupová, Andrea ; Mareš, Pavel (advisor) ; Valeš, Karel (referee)
The IEM 1460 is a potential age-specific anticonvulsant and an indicator of the distribution of AMPA receptor subtypes among rat brain cells. It is a derivative of adamantane, that was tested in previous studies on models of human myoclonic and generalized tonic-clonic seizures with promising results. In this thesis we evaluated its effect on the motor activity of rat offspring in the age of 12, 18 and 25 days, we used 90 animals in total . The effect was evaluated 30 minutes after intraperitoneal administration of IEM 1460 in two doses, 10 mg/kg or 20 mg/kg, and was compared to the control animals with physiological solution applied intraperitoneally in amount of 20 mg/kg. To test the animals we used Open field test, righting reflex, negative geotaxis, horizontal bar test, rope climbing test, regular and irregular horizontal ladder test. The tests were applied to animals in mentioned order. There were found significant changes influencing motor behaviour, primarily in the 12 days old animals with the dose of 20 mg/kg IEM 1460 and in the 25 days old animals with both doses of IEM 1460, 10 and 20 mg/kg. In the 18 days old animals the results were less significant. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Possible influencing the motor performance of developing rats by repeated administration of the NMDA receptor antagonist specific for NR2 subunit
Kozlová, Lucie ; Mareš, Pavel (advisor) ; Valeš, Karel (referee)
Nonspecific NMDA receptor antagonists induce hyperlocomotion in rats. The aim of this work is to determine whether the NMDA receptor antagonist specific for NR2 subunit exhibit similar negative effect as nonspecific antagonists. This subunit is predominant in the brain in the early postnatal period. The introduction summarizes the data on NMDA receptors and the development of rat. The experimental part deals with the action of a specific NMDA receptor antagonist Ro 25-6981 on motor performance of developing rats. Substance was repeatedly administered to rats at postnatal days 7 to 11. Spontaneous locomotion and motor performance of the animals were repeatedly tested up to adulthood by battery of tests appropriate for individual ages. Our research demonstrated that this substance does not have significant effect on motor system of laboratory rat and that it might be further tested as a possible age-bound antiepileptic drug.
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Postnatal development of GABAb-receptors in the frontal rat brain cortex
Kagan, Dmytro ; Svoboda, Petr (advisor) ; Langmeier, Miloš (referee) ; Mareš, Pavel (referee)
In this work, the detailed analysis of GABAB-R/G protein coupling in the course of pre- and postnatal development of rat brain cortex indicated the significant intrinsic efficacy of GABAB-receptors already shortly after the birth: at postnatal day 1 and 2. Subsequently, both baclofen and SKF97541-stimulated G protein activity, measured as the high-affinity [35 S]GTPγS binding, was increased. The highest level of agonist-stimulated [35 S]GTPγS binding was detected at postnatal days 14 and 15. In older rats, the efficacy, i.e. the maximum response of baclofen- and SKF97541-stimulated [35 S]GTPγS binding was continuously decreased so, that the level in adult, 90-days old rats was not different from that in newborn animals. The potency of G protein response to baclofen stimulation, characterized by EC50 values, was also high at birth but unchanged by further development. The individual variance among the agonists was observed in this respect, as the potency of SKF97541 response was decreased when compared in 2-days old and adult rats. The highest plasma membrane density of GABAB-R, determined by saturation binding assay with specific antagonist [3 H]CGP54626AA, was observed in 1-day old animals. The further development was reflected in decrease of receptor number. The adult level was ≈3- fold lower than...
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Changes of motor performance after epileptic seizure in developing laboratory rats
Hanáková, Helena ; Mareš, Pavel (advisor) ; Stuchlík, Aleš (referee)
The aim of the work was analysis of postictal period - possible changes of motor performance after seizure. Epileptic afterdischarges are induced by stimulation cof ortical sensorimotor area in rat. We will use the intensity to produce human myoclonic seizure in 12-, 18- a 25- days old animals. The youngets and the oldest groups differ by the absence (12-day-old rats) or presence (25-day-old- ones) of postictal refractoriness. Control groups will be formed by intact animals. Individual groups will be observed immidiatelly after seizure and after different intervals. Keywords: epileptic afterdischarge, postictal period, motor performance, laboratory rat, development
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