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Foucault, Althusser, and marxism: from epistemology to politics
Šíma, Jan ; Barša, Pavel (advisor) ; Kužel, Petr (referee)
(anglicky): Michel Foucault can be hardly described as a convinced marxist, but at the same time, marxism serves as an implicit referential framework in his works against which he shapes his own approach. Nowhere is this ambiguous relation more discernible than in the case of Foucault's former teacher, a marxist theoretician Louis Althusser, with whom he also shares a certain connection with the tradition of french historical epistemology. His revision of marxist theory often displays a curious affinity to Foucault's theoretical projects which are always beyond the limits of marxism. The subject of this thesis will be a reconstruction of the relationship of Michel Foucault towards marxism through his - often hidden - interaction with Althusser's theory. In the first part, I will focus on the period of 1960s during which both authors from anti-humanist and almost structuralist positions reflected questions of epistemology or the position of subject in history. Afterwards both authors move issues such as constitution of subject, power and the marxist conception of ideology, which they either revise (Althusser) or fully abandon (Foucault). In the final part I will focus on the questions of politics and on strategies which are in the cases of both authors provoked by the political changes of their...
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Ultrafast highly nonlinear processes in diamond
Zukerstein, Martin ; Trojánek, František (advisor) ; Kloz, Miroslav (referee) ; Kužel, Petr (referee)
Intense few-cycle laser pulses can significantly affect the properties of transparent solids during the interaction. These processes take place on femtosecond time scales and they can be studied using ultrafast spectroscopic methods. This dissertation deals with highly nonlinear processes in diamond. In the interaction with a crystalline diamond, we observed a strong nonlinear broadening of the spectrum due to self-phase modulation effect, which allowed us to create a simple technique for compression of pulses from laser oscillator. At the same time, strongly nonlinear five-photon absorption was observed, in which we found a significant anisotropy and dependence on the polarization state. With two-beam pump and probe experiments we present a study of anharmonic phenomena in the dynamics of coherent phonons in diamond, additionally we created a new detection technique of lattice vibrations using multiphoton absorption. Finally, the high time resolution of the experiments revealed that the sub-picosecond electron dynamics strongly depends on the composition and morphology of the polycrystalline diamond thin films. The experimental results of this work provide comprehensive research into the interaction of diamond with few-cycle laser pulses and the development of new spectroscopic methods.
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Anthropocentric Turn of Late Capitalism
Holodňák, Radek ; Chavalka, Jakub (advisor) ; Kužel, Petr (referee)
Anthropocentric Turn of Late Capitalism Abstract Bc. Radek Holodňák This paper constitutes the first step towards a complex description of the transformation of production relationships under late capitalism while paying special attention to the theme of human emancipation. The author sets as his goal to study how corporations unknowingly apply Marx's concept of the 'species being', a being which constitutes itself in the process of work, with the aim of keeping capitalist production efficient and up to date with current demand. To accomplish this, explanations of the concepts 'alienated labour' and 'species being' are presented, drawing mainly from Marx's Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts in the context of the evolution of human organizations as described by Frederic Laloux in Reinventing Organizations. The first chapter introduces theses concerning the tendency of capitalism to overcome and outlive itself due to the realization of the inner antinomies. One of the manifestations of this phenomenon is the so-called anthropocentric turn in which the centre of interest of late-capitalist production is shifted from material goods to man. This anthropocentric turn, enabled by unique material conditions, introduces fundamental changes to the production process, work organization, and workplace relationships...
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Ultrafast laser spectroscopy of antiferromagnets
Saidl, Vít ; Němec, Petr (advisor) ; Kužel, Petr (referee) ; Hamrle, Jaroslav (referee)
This work is dedicated to the study of two antiferromagnetic materials that are suitable for use in spintronic devices. In series of FeRh samples we studied the transition temperature between the antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic phases. We developed a method based on material optical response for a quick determination of this temperature, which enabled us to study with a spatial resolution of 1 μm a magnetic inhomogeneity of prepared samples.We also developed a method for a determination of the Néel temperature and the magnetization easy axis position in thin films prepared from compensated antiferromagnetic metal. We successfully applied this method on an uniaxial sample of CuMnAs and we discussed its applicability for a research of samples with a biaxial magnetic anisotropy.
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Ultrafast response of electrons in nanostructured and disordered semiconductor systems studied by time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy
Zajac, Vít ; Kužel, Petr (advisor) ; Lloyd-Hughes, James (referee) ; Ostatnický, Tomáš (referee)
of Doctoral Thesis Title: Ultrafast response of electrons in nanostructured and disordered semiconductor systems studied by time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy Author: Vít Zajac Department / Institute: Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences Supervisor of the doctoral thesis: doc. RNDr. Petr Kužel, Ph.D., Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences Abstract: This thesis deals with charge transport in semiconducting nanomaterials on the picosecond time scale studied by time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy. The problematics of the effective response of composite materials is reviewed and the VBD effective medium model is formulated. The wave equation for the THz probing pulse propagating through inhomogeneously excited percolated and non-percolated semiconducting nanomaterials is solved. This theory is used to investigate charge transport in samples of nanoporous-Si-derived nanocrystals and in epitaxial Si nanocrystal superlattices. The experimental spectra are successfully modeled with the use of Monte Carlo calculations of charge carrier mobility in nanocrystals of corresponding sizes and degrees of percolation within the VBD approximation. It is found that nanocrystals from different regions of the nanocrystal size distribution of the sample dominate the signal in THz and...
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Socio-economic transformation of kicker societies and formation of football clubs in Prague cities and suburbs before The Great War
Kužel, Petr ; Čechurová, Jana (advisor) ; Kvaček, Robert (referee)
The most popular game all over the world has entered the territory of Bohemia already in the last decades of the 19th century, when especially in the cities and suburbs of Prague many Czech or German societies, engaged in new game from England called "football", was founded. Sudden and long lasting interruption of positive development of young sport by mobilization in the summer of 1914 and deep political and social changes after conflict isolated prewar events and made unique relict environment that creates the main sources for ideas of work. However chapters leaving sport performances aside and try to describe the period culminating after year 1900, when profesional player was born of student-enthusiast and when club loyalities based on nationality or social inclusion of spectator have been created. To achive a comprehensive view is also important to describe ideological orientation and economy of clubs, topography of Prague grounds or relationships between biggest clubs SK Slavia, AC Sparta, SK Viktoria Žižkov and DFC Prag, which was litmus paper of attitudes with German etnicity. Keywords Football, Prague, Czechs, Germans, Slavia, Sparta, The Great War
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Studium a využití povrchových plazmonů v terahertzové spektrální oblasti
Darebník, Peter ; Kužel, Petr (advisor) ; Postava, Kamil (referee)
Title: Study and application of surface plasmons in terahertz spectral range Author: Peter Darebník Department: Department of Chemical Physics and Optics Supervisor: doc. RNDr. Petr Kužel, Dr., department of Chemical Physics and Optics - external employee Abstract: The goal of this thesis is analytical, numerical and experimental study of surface plasmons in terahertz spectral range The description of the surface plasmon propagation along metal/dielectric interface can be done purely analytically. Our goal is to obtain the description of the surface plasmon propagating in more complex dielectric layered structures which are in contact with metallic layer. Analysis of the surface plasmon dispersion curves in anisotropic layered structure was done numerically. Existing transmission terahertz spectroscopy experiment was expanded by an arrangement that allows us to excite the surface plasmon on the metallic layer and allows us to measure its characteristics after the transmission of samples, that are in contact with this layer. Obtained theoretical and experimental data were then evaluated, so we could conclude to which extent can the surface plasmon be used for spectroscopic purposes in terahertz range. We concluded, that we were able to describe surface plasmons in layered structures including anisotropic...
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Socio-economic Transformation of Sport Societies and Formation of Football Clubs in Prague Cities and Suburbs before 1914
Kužel, Petr ; Čechurová, Jana (advisor) ; Kvaček, Robert (referee)
The most popular game all over the world has entered the territory of Bohemia already in the last decades of the 19th century, when especially in the cities and suburbs of Prague many Czech or German societies engaged in new game from England called "football" was founded. Sudden and long lasting interruption of positive development of young sport by mobilization in the summer of 1914 and deep political and social changes after conflict isolated prewar events and made quite unique relict environment that creates the main sources for ideas of work. However chapters leaving sport performances aside and try to describe the period culminating after year 1900, when profesional player was born of student-enthusiast and when club loyalities based on nationality or social inclusion of spectator have been created. To achive a comprehensive view is also important to describe ideological orientation and economy of clubs, topography of Prague grounds or relationships between biggest clubs - SK Slavia, AC Sparta, SK Viktoria Žižkov and Deutscher Fussball Club Prag, which was litmus paper of attitudes with German etnicity. Keywords Football, Prague, Czechs, Germans, SK Slavia, AC Sparta, DFC Prag, First Word War
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Studium optických nelinearit v polovodičích a polovodičových nanostrukturách
Kozák, Martin ; Trojánek, František (advisor) ; Herynková, Kateřina (referee) ; Kužel, Petr (referee)
This Ph.D. thesis is focused on the study of optical nonlinearities and dynamics of excited charge carriers in monocrystalline diamond, nanocrystalline diamond and silicon. The dynamics of high density carriers in bulk diamond is investigated in detail (the transition from excitons and free carriers to electron-hole liquid or plasma). We study the picosecond dynamics of electron-hole liquid condensation using several techniques of time-resolved optical spectroscopy and demonstrate its evaporation by femtosecond laser pulses. We also propose two new optical techniques for measurement of lifetime, diffusion coefficient and surface recombination velocity of excitons in diamond. The results obtained by these techniques are described theoretically using diffusion equation and compared with the results obtained by the transient grating diffraction measurement. Further we study two- and three- photon absorption and nonlinear refractive index in diamond. In nanocrystalline diamond we study the second and third harmonic generation and its physical origin. In superlattices of silicon nanocrystals in SiO2 matrix we investigate the nonlinear transient absorption dynamics and carrier diffusion.
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