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Methods of measuring in the Universe
KUČERA, Jan
The work deals with distance measuring in space. The first part is about evolution of space arrangement and dimension imaginations from ancient times until the 20th century. Also Aristarchos´ heliocentric model of the solar system is described in detail, including his quantitative estimates of the Moon and Sun distances and dimensions. Hipparchos´ and Ptolemaios´ geometric models are described in detail too. Great attention is given to a genesis of heliocentric theory of Nicolaus Copernicus. The second part deals with contemporary methods of distance measuring. The work proceeds systematically from distances in the solar system to distances between stars as far as to distances between galaxies and quasars. It was necessary to write also about physical principles because distance measuring is based on them. The part of the work is a large pictorial supplement with text comments.
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Language and Reality
Bárta, Ondřej ; Kučera, Jan (advisor) ; Kučera, Rudolf (referee)
This thesis tries to explore how ideologies, namely the national socialism, work. It is based on the presumption that the reality as we experience it, is impacted by the language that we use to describe it. Thus, in accord with the philosophy of Eric Voegelin, it claims that to understand a specific society in its authenticity, it is necessary to examine the means of the language that is used to categorize the world. And it is precisely Voegelins expressions, symbolism and order, that are good instruments to explain the fact that even the nacis created such "reality" that was capable to exclude masses of people from the sphere of moral reciprocity, using a language that refers to a certain view of the world.
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Global Dimension of Rawls' Theory of Justice
Ottingerová, Lucie ; Šimsa, Martin (advisor) ; Kučera, Jan (referee)
This thesis is concerned with mapping one of the most topical discussions in the field of modern political philosophy, namely the contention about the existence, nature and extent of justice in the era of a highly globalised world. However, the clash about the existence of global justice, hitherto referred to as the clash between cosmopolitans and internationalists, is not viewed in its entirety. More specifically, this thesis aspires to make an introduction into the debate against the background of one of the most influential philosophical works of the 20th century which has significantly contributed to the delimitation of the term "justice"- Theory of Justice by John Rawls. This book incited joyful reaction from a number of cosmopolitan theorists, including most notably Charles Beitz and Thomas Pogge, who perceived it as a clear attempt at extending traditionally liberal ideals and precepts beyond the scope of nation states. The difference principle in particular caught their attention as it represented a suitable way of facilitating the ideal of social justice at global level. Nonetheless, Rawls himself rejected cosmopolitan claims. As this thesis aspires to fully comprehend the reasons that led him to such a step, it will be necessary to introduce Rawls' political philosophy in its entirety,...
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National Fascist Community in the political system of the First Republic
Šulcová, Štěpánka ; Charvát, Jan (advisor) ; Kučera, Jan (referee)
The ambition of this thesis is to determine the cause of the failure of the Czech fascist movement, represented by the National Fascist Community, during the First Czechoslovak Republic and to outline the position of the party in the political system. The work focuses not only on the role of the National Fascist Community in the political system, but it also addresses the territorial distribution of its electorate and membership and its participation in the parliamentary elections. The author characterizes the party program features and deals with program distinctions between the National Fascist Community and other right-wing organizations. The fundamental research question to which the author seeks an answer is: Why the National Fascist Community, as the main representative of the Czech fascist movement, did not gain a wider support from the Czech society? To what extent the National Fascist Community distinguished itself in its program agenda from other political parties and how this influenced its position in the political system? The theme of this thesis lies at the border of the history and the political science. The text is based on comparative and empirical-analytic approach, an atheoretical case study was chosen as a research method. At the end of the text the author summarizes the reasons...
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Language and Totalitarianism
Váňa, Tomáš ; Mlejnek, Josef (advisor) ; Kučera, Jan (referee)
The thesis Language and totalitarianism deals with the relation between these two phenomena. On the basis of key thinkers dealing with totalitarianism it formulates its own definition of totalitarianism. It presents the communication theory of Karl Wolfgang Deutsch, on which basis it points to the close relation between communication and political systems, concretely between language and totalitarianism. Language is analysed mainly on the thoughts of Ferdinand de Saussure and Ludwig Wittgenstein. Totalitarian language is explained using mainly Orwell's totalitarian language newspeak in 1984. A practical analysis of a sample of Rudé právo fram the era of the communist regime in Czechoslovakia in the years 1948-1989 shows its manifestations in real use. At the end of the thesis political correctness is introduced as an example of totalitarian tendencies in liberal democracies.
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Theatre and Politics: The Weimar Republic 1927-1933
Rudý, Jakub ; Kučera, Jan (advisor) ; Franěk, Jakub (referee)
This thesis aims at avant-garde theatre movement in Weimar Republic, namely at stage manager Erwin Piscator and playwright Bertold Brecht, as well as at characteristics of political and social surroundings of Weimar Republic. Intellectually is the aim of this thesis at mutual relation between theatre and politics. Thesis is set into years 1927 - 1933, however, broader context of post-war Germany is necessary, while setting both men in the context and surroundings of Weimar Germany. The thesis is divided into three parts. In the first one, culture, political and social conditions of Weimar Republic are analysed, matters of censorship, culture politics a political conditions of Weimar Republic are accented. The second part aims at Erwin Piscator, principles of his work and his public functioning in the years 1927 - 1933, as well as the response he became in the public. The third part aims in the same way at Bertold Brecht, principles of his playwriting, two plays written in the years 1927 - 1933 and again the response he became in the public. Relation between theatre and politics is analysed from two points of view. The first is point of view of Weimar Republic - its politics in culture and censorship. The second one is the point of view of both men, who had undoubtedly political targets set into...
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Biology, ecology and invasion characteristics of Campylopus introflexus in the Czech Republic
Mikulášková, Eva ; Soldán, Zdeněk (advisor) ; Tribsch, Andreas (referee) ; Kučera, Jan (referee)
A B S T R A C T Ecological and economic impact of invasive plants to natural ecosystems is the subject of many studies; however, invasive bryophytes have been stud- ied only marginally. Campylopus introflexus (Hedw.) Brid. is one of the most strongly invasive bryophyte species in Europe. The species appears to be native in the Southern Hemisphere. In Europe, it was collected for the first time in the British Isles in 1941. The moss has expanded eastward and the first collection in the Czech Republic is dated to 1988. This thesis found that more than 70 localities were known known in the Czech Republic in 2006, and more than 100 localities became known by 2011. It has been further demonstrated that the Czech Republic was colonized repeatedly by generative spores and all populations have a unique genetic composition. Genetic variation of the populations is low, the genetic diver- sity of populations within the Czech Republic is not correlated with their geographic position or with any of the monitored environmental variables. At a fine scale within particular localities, the species disperses by vege- tative diaspores, while it uses generative spores for spreading over longer distances. In Central Europe, C. introflexus prefers open coniferous forests, especially plantations of either spruce or pine. It colonizes...
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Richard Rorty's Political Liberalism, its Philosophical Basis and Relevant Polemics
Munzar, Tomáš ; Kučera, Jan (advisor) ; Šimsa, Martin (referee)
This thesis describes Richard Rorty's view of postmetaphysical political liberalism. After briefly introducing the author, the text deals with his opinions on truth and role of philosophy as they were stated in Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature and which form the foundations for his subsequent views. Further, the thesis addresses Rorty's Contingency, Irony, Solidarity and attempts to present the parts relevant to its topic. In the last part, several selected topics are discussed in broader context and an attempt is made to compare Rorty's texts with those of other authors. These selected topics are Rorty's public-private distinction, postmetaphysical liberalism, relativism and ethnocentrism.
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Machiavelli's double solutions of resolving Italian crisis. The Prince and Discourses
Liška, Jan ; Kučera, Rudolf (advisor) ; Kučera, Jan (referee) ; Franěk, Jakub (referee)
At the end of 15th and the beginning of 16th century, Italy found itself in a deep political crisis. Although Italy was the most developed part of Europe at that time both culturally and economically, large parts of the peninsula were under direct influence of foreign powers. As a great Florentine and Italian patriot Machiavelli was greatly saddened by development and reflected this situation in his writing. Two greatest pieces of his work The Prince and Discourses on Livy each offer a different solution to this crisis. In The Prince Machiavelli tries to find a way back to Italy's lost freedom and greatness through one extraordinary man - the prince, while in Discourses he concludes that only republican institution and just laws can be the solution. This paper aims to introduce both of these solutions presented by Machiavelli and by comparing them within the correct historical-political context ultimately decide which one of them would Machiavelli himself favour.
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Politicians in permanent campaigning: four leaders in Czech parliamentary elections in 2010
Svobodová, Pavlína ; Mlejnek, Josef (advisor) ; Kučera, Jan (referee)
This thesis deals with the topic of political communication. Its objective is to describe the transformation of communication of political parties and politicians in today's western world. Society has changed and voters are less involved in traditional social relations and their behaviour is very difficult to predict. Moreover, differences in ideological background between parties has become less evident. Political parties thus have to invent new strategies to attract voters. The most important feature of political parties' communication is that it is indirect, mediated. Parties have to build very good relationships with journalists. It is of high importance to collaborate enough with the media. For this reason, other characteristics of political leardes are required than formerly. The today's politician has to evoke good image and appeal to citizens. To reach this goal, political and media consultans are paid and the use of opinion polls has become fundamental. These trends indicate that politics and governance has transformed into the so called permanent campaigning. We can see this tendency in the US and in the countries of western Europe. This thesis has tried to describe the situation in Czech Republic. It has focused on four leaders of political parties during the election campaign to the Chamber of...
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