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Stretching and the Maximal Muscle Strength
Šádek, Petr ; Konopková, Renata (advisor) ; Otáhal, Jakub (referee)
Title: The effect of stretching on maximal muscle performance Objectives: Due to the number of studies, concerning the effect of the muscle stretch on sport performance and their heterogeneity in the term of used parameters, tests and even performing the stretch exercises themselves, it would be desirable, thanks to the importance of this subject, to consolide and evaluate up-to-date knowledge. The goal of this diploma thesis is to compare and assess available literature concerning the effect of muscle stretch during warmup on the sport performance and, ideally, to define the best type of the stretching itself. Method: The diploma thesis is composed as a literature review - an integrative review with exactly defined criteria for the use of available studies. Result : Even with the nonuniformity of parameters used in available studies there is a consensus in most of the used sources, which met the criteria of inclusion in this research, which (the consensus) determinates the dynamic stretching as the form most appropriate for enhancing the following sport performance. Although studies, proving this result, are in their findings quite unanimous, a precise definition of prefered exercises for peforming the dynamic stretching and of its parameters is still missing. Key words: stretching, dynamic,...
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Consequences of experimentaly induced perinatal cerebral ischemic lesion
Bahníková, Eva ; Otáhal, Jakub (advisor) ; Konopková, Renata (referee)
1 Abstract Title: Consequences of experimentally induced perinatal cerebral ischemic lesion. Aim: This thesis aims to present the issues and analyze current knowledge in the field of perinatal brain damage, particularly perinatal cerebral ischemic lesions as the most common brain infarction in children. Basic characteristics of the disease, syndromology, pathophysiological mechanisms and risk factors are emphasized. Following the theoretical background the thesis analyzes current trends as well as the limitations of the diagnostics and therapy. The aim is to highlight the need for early diagnosis and emphasize the potential of preventive treatment strategies. The practical part follows the theoretical background and expands the topic on the analysis of motor and behavioral consequences of experimentally induced perinatal ischemic stroke. Method: Cerebral focal ischemia was induced experimentally by photothrombotic method to seven days old rats. Rose Bengal intravenously followed by continual illumination of the senzorimotor cortex using a green laser beam for 10 minutes was induced platelet aggregation and subsequent thrombosis. Eight animals at age of two months were evaluated for 7 days via observational cages PhenoTyper. Results: The theoretical part collected and processed theoretical data on the...
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Damage of Neurons, Blood-brain Barrier and Folowing Immune Reaction During Ischemic Stroke After Endothelin-1 Application
Lutovská, Jana ; Otáhal, Jakub (advisor) ; Konopková, Renata (referee)
Work objectives: The aim of this diploma work was taking up with microscopic identification metods of particular cell types of CNS, detection of blood-brain-barrier permeability and "dying" neurons. We are interested how the cellulate elements - neurons and astrocyte - are affected by cerebral ischemia and if the permeability of the blood-brain barrier is disrupted. Methodology: Experiments were performed in Wistar rats on postnatal day 12 or 25 (17 together). Cannula for vasoconstrictor Endothelin-1 infusion was inserted into left hemisphere to induce focal cerebral ischemia. Animals were let to live for 24 hours and then all rats were deeply anesthetized with urethane injection. The brains were sectioned in the coronal plane 50m thick. Adjacent series of sections were processed for Fluoro- Jade B to detect degenerating neurons, blood-brain barrier disruption was investigated using Evans Blue dye. Immunohistochemical labeling was used for IgG and visualization of hypertrofic astrocytes by GFAP. Common observation of brain was preformed under upride microscope with fluorescence. Results: Our findings demonstrate that focal cerebral ischemia generates induced by ET-1 into cerebral tissue damage. Degenerating neurons were observed in affected areas. Blood-brain barrier is disturbed in the same area as...
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Signal decomposition in surface electromyography
Vodhánilová, Edita ; Otáhal, Jakub (advisor) ; Konopková, Renata (referee)
This thesis describe decomposition of electromyographic signal into its constituent motor unit action potential trains. A size and a shape of the action potencials can provide an important information about neuromuscular function. There are described the basics of neurophysiology and physiology of muscle in the theoretic section. Mainstay part of the thesis is description of electromyography and chapter about decomposition of electromyogprahy signal, where is introduced a method of decomposition and algorithms used for decomposition. In practical part is tested a robustness of algorithms, which are contained in program called EMGLAB. The trial is performed with three different signal and results are assessed and compared by the statistical methods ANOVA and paired t-test. Key words: action potencial, EMG signal, electromyography, decomposition, EMGLAB
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Influence of temperature and stimulus intensity on FAD transience in rat hippocampal slices in vitro
Rous, Matouš ; Otáhal, Jakub (advisor) ; Konopková, Renata (referee)
Aims: The purpose of this study was to characterize the influence of temperature and stimulus intensity on flavoprotein autofluorescence in rat hippocampal slices. Methods: Experiments were performed in hippocampal slices of adult male Wistar rats. Slices of 400 µm of thickness were maintained in submerged recording chamber, through which oxygenated ACSF was perfused (2 ml/min). Synaptic activation was being made by bipolar stimulating electrode (10s stimulus train 20Hz) placed in hillus of the dentate gyrus (Mossy fibers). FAD signals were detected by cooled 12-bit CCD-camera (RETIGA2000R). Results: Our findings demonstrate that FAD autofluorescence signals were significantly decreased at higher temperature. The data confirmed that FAD autofluorescence signals showed smaller light intensity in different layers of CA3 under the same conditions at 36řC compared to 26řC. Our data approved that under defined conditions FAD fluorescence signals have risen during stimulation. Keywords: Mitochondria, FAD autofluorescence, temperature, stimulus intensity, hippocampus, rat.
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ROS and its role in neurophysiology
Šedivcová, Pavlína ; Otáhal, Jakub (advisor) ; Konopková, Renata (referee)
Name of the thesis Reactive oxygen species and their neurophysiological role Aim of the thesis Aim of the theoretical part is to provide overview of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and show their place in organism - posstive and necessary effects for the organism on the one hand and source of serious diseases on the other hand. Futhermore, the theoretical part deals with the restoration balance between the production of free radicals and antioxidants protection. Theoretical part also deals with substance FeTTPS. Aim of the experimental part is to determinate whether the application of FeTTPS affects cerebral blood flow during trancallosal stimulation with increasing frequency. Futhermore, to determinate whether the applicatication of this substance affects the slope of the curve and threshold of evoked potencials and number and duration of afterdischargers. Research method The research took place at the premises of Onstitue of Physiology, Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic. Experiments were carried out on laboratory albine Wistar rats. General anesthesia was performed to rats, stimulating and sensing electrodes were implated in epidural area of sensorimotoor cortex and Laser Doppler flow probe was implated into the contralateral hemisphere. In the first part of experiment included 11 animals. We...
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Acute neuroinflammatory reaction after focal cerebral ischemia
Ambrož, Ondřej ; Otáhal, Jakub (advisor) ; Konopková, Renata (referee)
Title: Acute neuroinflammatory reaction after focal cerebral ischemia Aim: The aim of this thesis is to evaluate neuroinflammatory response after focal cerebral cortical ischemia. Also, familiarizing with the method of displaying damage of blood brain barriers, neurons and the possibility of detection of microglia cells as a marker of acute neuroinflammatory processes. Methodology: This is an experimental study. We brought about cortical cerebral ischemia in rats using an application of photosensitive dye "bengal red," and a green laser. Two animals were were given the additional application of "Evans blue" in order to visualize the defects of the blood brain barrier. The animals were returned to their cage for the time needed before they were induced terminal anesthesia. This was followed by the process of brain perfusion, slicing the brain in sections 50 µm thick and then applied these sections onto slides. Sections with applied EB were immediately analyzed under the microscope. Sections to illustrate neuronal death were immunohistochemically stained via the Nissl method. Sections visualizing microglial activity were stained using CD11b antibody. Results: Following the induction of focal ischemia there occured brain tissue damage. In the vicinity of lesion there is degeneration of neurons and...
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The Occurence of Muscle Activity in Correlation with the EEG Recording of Developmentally Different Groups of Rats
Feštrová, Veronika ; Otáhal, Jakub (advisor) ; Konopková, Renata (referee)
Objective: The aim of this thesis is to determine both the number and incidence of muscle twitches muscle activity in individual groups of pups in rats, possibly record the simultaneous occurrence of EEG activity, which points to the involvement of cortical levels of motor control. Method: The experiment was conducted on 4 groups of pups in rats, divided according to age, which was performed by the EMG electrodes into the extracellular space neck muscles and electrodes 6 - 4 sensor, reference and ground epidural placed for EEG activity. Have also been reported already mentioned curves and captured video footage necessary for final processing and analysis. Results: After statistical evaluation of experimental data has been demonstrated numerous of muscle jerks with developmentally youngest experimental group P7 and occurrence locomotor activity in developmentally older groups correlated with increased activation in cerebral cortex, which was confirmed by increased levels of energy and entropy of the EEG signal. These values also increased with increasing age, as evidenced by the gradual maturation of cortical motor control. Keywords: motor ontogenesis, surface electromyography, electroencephalography, descending path, rat, clonus Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Optical Signals of Brain
Konopková, Renata ; Otáhal, Jakub (advisor) ; Kittnar, Otomar (referee) ; Valeš, Karel (referee)
Intrinsic optical signals are the signals reflecting changes in transmittance or reflectance of the light illumitating the tissue. Registration of such changes can be applied for the detection of physiological condition in the slices of biological tissues (in vitro) or in the whole animal (in vivo). The aim of this project is to introduce this topic and show different possibilities for the detection of changing optical properties of nervous tissue both in vitro and in vivo. The detection system of both light source and attachment of the optical fibre to the skull of the animal for in vivo experimets have been designed. The proper experimental part of the study have been done in hippocampal tissue slices and shows the correlation of the tissue activity and the optical signal at level of ion channels, glutamatergic synaptic activity, glial component of the signal and mitochondrial signal. We are dealing with the source of the noice that we record while detecting rather subtle changes of optical properties. We are indroducing the software VisionBrain for synchronous detection of both electrical and optical changes. Keywords: Intrinsic optical signals, hippocampus, imaging, biomechanics
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Functional assessment after experiemantally induced focal cerebral ischemia in rat
Vyletělová, Ivana ; Otáhal, Jakub (advisor) ; Konopková, Renata (referee)
Title: Functional assessment after experiemantally induced focal cerebral ischemia in rat. Objectives: The aim of this diploma thesis was to design and test a set of motor tests, which provide an effective assessment of motor deficit, which forms after small ischemic lesion of primary motor cortex. Methods: Experiment was performed in 16 Long Evans rats from breeding in Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. Rats were devided into two groups (experimental and control). Ischemic lesion was induced by a photothrombotic stroke model to affect a small area - a motor cortex. For functional assessment we used five motor tests - Reaching test, Bar holding test, Rotarod test, Ladder rung walking test and Oper field test. For data analysis we used program Sigma Stat3.5®SPSS and Microsoft Excel 2010. Results: Our findings demonstrate that a small lesion of motor cortex is objectively measurable by Reaching test, which focuses on grip and fine motor skills. Other tests assess mainly gross motor skills and there we did not find a significant difference between experimental and control group. Our findings show that functional deficit manifests mostly in funkction of upper limb. During the time of the experiment we can see an improvement and increasing success in Reaching test and...
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