|
|
Reunified description of acid-base physiology and chemistry of blood plasma
Matoušek, Stanislav ; Kofránek, Jiří (advisor) ; Wooten, Wrenn (referee) ; Kittnar, Otomar (referee)
This thesis addresses an important problem of biomedical acid-base theory, where there are two apparently contradictory ways of describing the acid-base status of blood plasma, while the underlying physiology and chemistry obviously has to be only one. The two descriptions are called the traditional approach, based mainly on the work of Ole Siggaard-Andersen and the modern approach, based on the work of Peter Stewart and his followers. This work has three starting points. First are generally accepted basic concepts of acid-base chemistry and physiology. Second is an elegant formalism to the description of acid-base phenomena in complex solutions developed by Guenther. First part of this thesis builds on these two starting points, which serve as a basis for a detailed analysis augmented by the use of simple computer modelling. This results in formal description of several more advanced concepts, including the titration curves of proteins, behaviour of bicarbonate and protein buffers in single solution, relationship between strong ion charge and protein buffer charge and fuzzy division between strong ions and buffer ions in physiology. The modeling work then proceeds to comparing various models of albumin, principal protein buffer of blood plasma. Theoretical concepts of this work, such as pH-pKA...
|
|
|
Changes in motor function and seizure susceptibility after photothrombic ischemic stroke in immature rat
Brima, Tufikameni ; Otáhal, Jakub (advisor) ; Kittnar, Otomar (referee) ; Dylevský, Ivan (referee)
i | P a g e ABSTRACT Changes in motor function and seizure susceptibility after photothrombic ischemic stroke in immature rat Perinatal stroke is a common cerebrovascular disorder affecting one in every 4000 births, typically associated with sequelae that include motor and cognitive deficits and long term comorbidities including epilepsy. We sought to determine the effect of perinatal induced stroke on motor function and seizure susceptibility in rats. Photothrombotic model of stroke was used in rat at postnatal day 7. Firstly we induced ischemic lesions of different extends to assess the consequences of stroke on motor function, locomotion and its correlation to morphological changes after stroke. To this end, paradigms sensitive to sensorimotor changes were used; histological changes were also assessed. Secondly, with the use of pure cortical lesions, seizure susceptibility in PTZ elicited models of epileptic seizures was analysed. For seizure occurrence, latency and severity, two different concentrations of PTZ (60 and 100 mg/kg) were administered subcutaneously in two different age groups at P 12 and P 25. In addition, episodes of rhythmic EEG activity were registered at P 25 following successive 20- and 40-mg/kg doses of PTZ administered interperitonealy. Our data depicted two kinds of lesions with...
|
|
|
Optical Signals of Brain
Konopková, Renata ; Otáhal, Jakub (advisor) ; Kittnar, Otomar (referee) ; Valeš, Karel (referee)
Intrinsic optical signals are the signals reflecting changes in transmittance or reflectance of the light illumitating the tissue. Registration of such changes can be applied for the detection of physiological condition in the slices of biological tissues (in vitro) or in the whole animal (in vivo). The aim of this project is to introduce this topic and show different possibilities for the detection of changing optical properties of nervous tissue both in vitro and in vivo. The detection system of both light source and attachment of the optical fibre to the skull of the animal for in vivo experimets have been designed. The proper experimental part of the study have been done in hippocampal tissue slices and shows the correlation of the tissue activity and the optical signal at level of ion channels, glutamatergic synaptic activity, glial component of the signal and mitochondrial signal. We are dealing with the source of the noice that we record while detecting rather subtle changes of optical properties. We are indroducing the software VisionBrain for synchronous detection of both electrical and optical changes. Keywords: Intrinsic optical signals, hippocampus, imaging, biomechanics
|
|
|
Ultrasonographic evaluation of cardiovascular abnormalities in patients with Fabry disease
Paleček, Tomáš ; Bultas, Jan (advisor) ; Pudil, Radek (referee) ; Kittnar, Otomar (referee)
Fabry disease is an X-linked glycosphingolipid storage disorder caused by deficient activity of the lysosomal enzyme α-galactosidase A. This leads to progressive intracellular accumulation of neutral glycosphingolipids, mainly globotriaosylceramide. Besides various extracardiac disease-related abnormalities, cardiovascular involvement represents a typical manifestation of Fabry disease. The primary underlying mechanism relies on pathological substrate accumulation in cardiomyocytes, conduction system cells, valvular fibroblasts, endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells. The development of cardiac and vascular hypertrophy represents a characteristic cardiovascular feature of Fabry disease. The aim of our studies was to describe in detail cardiovascular abnormalities in patients with Fabry disease using ultrasonography, which currently represents basic noninvasive imaging modality in cardiology. We focused on structural and functional abnormalities of ventricles, valvular apparatus and their relationship to vascular involvement expressed on common carotid arteries. We also compared the diagnostic accuracy of the two novel echocardiographic methods used for the left ventricular diastolic function assessment. The possible existence of circulating proliferative factor, which might be associated with...
|
|
| |
|
|
Comparison of QT dispersion and heart rate turbulence
Havránek, Štěpán ; Kittnar, Otomar (advisor) ; Horký, Karel (referee) ; Slavíková, Jana (referee)
Introduction: Both QT dispersion (QTD) and heart rate turbulence (HRT) were studied and tested like potential noninvasive markers for risk stratification. Aims: Compare QTD between different groups of patients with expected different mechanism of developing changes in QTD. Investigate if HRT is present following ventricular train drives and depends on left ventricular dysfunction. Test the hypothesis that QTD and HRT parameters assessed during programmed ventricular stimulation correlated to each other and there is association with iducibility of ventricular arrhythmia. Methods: We analysed body surface potential mapping (BSPM) recordings and vectorcardiographic T-loop parameters (T-loop width - Tw and T-loop amplitude - Ta) in 37 healthy women (20 - 36 yrs) in the 36th to 40th week of physiological pregnancy and 2 to 6 days after delivery. Control group contained 18 healthy women. Then we analysed BSPM recordings from 27 psychiatric outpatients treated with prophylactic doses of dosulepin (20 women, 44 ± 13 yrs) and compared to those obtained from 37 healthy volunteers. From these recordings the QTD was evaluated. This parameter was estimated using both BSPM recordings and 12 lead standard ECG. Acquired data were statistically correlated with Tw or Ta and dosulepin plasma levels, respectively. Distribution...
|
|
|
Ultrasound imaging of posterior vaginal wall descent
Krčmář, Michal ; Marešová, Dana (advisor) ; Zmrhal, Jan (referee) ; Kittnar, Otomar (referee)
The aim of our study was to set up the parameters, which could be used in the future for objective assesment of posterior vaginal wall descent same as they have been used in the assesment of anterior compartment. We included 42 attendants, 21 with proven descent of posterior vaginal wall; 21 as a control group. We observed the ultrasonographical distance between the most descending point at posterior vaginal wall according to the horizontal line and the inferior margin of pubic bone same as posterior anorectal angle after the intrarectal application of sonographic yelly; both at rest and during Valsalva manévre. Doubleoptional t-test was used for statistical evaluation of the results. Furthermore we judged the demographic features of both groups. We proved the statistic significant decrease in measured distances in the group of patients suffering from the descent compared to the group of healthy women. Values of posterior anorectal angle were significantly highered in the group of patients with the descent. The incidence of descent is related to higher age, higher level of BMI and multiparity in the group of patients. There was also higher incidence of stress urinary incontinence in patients' group, which had been surgically treated. We obtained no explicit data about influence of menopausal status being an...
|
|
|
Selected differences in pathophysiology of cardiovascular system in women
Yang, Shiann-Guey ; Kittnar, Otomar (advisor) ; Ošťádal, Petr (referee) ; Danzig, Vilém (referee)
(summary of doctoral dissertation) It has become increasingly apparent in recent years that there are important differences of many cardiovascular disorders including ventricular tachycardias in men and women. Gender differences have been observed in the epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinical presentation of various ventricular arrhythmias. Physiological menopause occurs as a part of a woman's normal aging process being based on the natural cessation of estradiol and progesterone production by the ovaries. The dramatic fall in circulating estrogens levels at menopause impacts many tissues including cardiovascular system. Because the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) rises significantly after menopause, it has been hypothesized that women's CHD advantage before menopause (in comparison to men of the same age) could be due to the protective effects of estrogens. However, controversial results have been reported since early nineties until today. While some studies found reduction in the incidence of CHD and in mortality from cardiovascular diseases some other studies failed to provide any evidence for an independent role of estradiol levels in determining CHD in postmenopausal women and some studies even found positive association of endogenous estradiol with the risk of CHD among women above...
|
|
|
Cardiovascular involvement in patients with Fabry disease
Lubanda, Jean-Claude Mukonkol ; Bultas, Jan (advisor) ; Kittnar, Otomar (referee) ; Ošťádal, Bohuslav (referee)
Fabry disease (FD) is an X-linked genetic disorder of glycosphingolipid metabolism due to deficiency of lysosomal enzyme a-galactosidase A. The disease is characterized by the progressive intracellular accumulation of neutral glycosphingolipids throughout the body, including the cardiovascular system. Myocardial abnormalities are characterized mainly by parietal thickening, the most frequent abnormal structural pattern being concentric left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy. In some patients the disease mimics a typical hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. It has been reported that in some patients the cardiac involvement could be a sole manifestation of the disease. Systolic function is largely preserved in most affected individuals. In contrast, mild to moderate diastolic filling impairment is a relatively common finding. Valvular structural abnormalities are frequent due to valvular infiltration. Valvular regurgitation seems to be relatively frequent but mostly nonsignificant. Electrocardiographic changes in Fabry disease are multiple and include AV conduction abnormalities (PQ interval shortening or AV blockades), signs of LV hypertrophy and repolarization abnormalities. Cardiac symptoms in Fabry disease patients include shortness of breath on effort, vasospastic and/or exertional angina pectoris,...
|
|
|
Alteration of cardiovascular system in endocrine hypertension, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects
Petrák, Ondřej ; Widimský, Jiří (advisor) ; Kittnar, Otomar (referee) ; Filipovský, Jan (referee)
aj This study contributes to knowledge of pathophysiology and organ complication in endocrine hypertension, especially in primary hyperaldosteronism and pheochromocytoma. Study in patients with pheochromocytoma showed higher arterial stiffness due to catecholamine overproduction. In this study we pointed out that predominantly norepinephrine levels and concomitant high blood glucose levels were independently associated with arterial stiffness. Similarly, a study in patients with primary hyperaldosteronism showed higher arterial stiffness in comparison with a comparable group of essential hypertension. This finding should be one of the factors which contribute to higher cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with primary hyperaldosteronism. A study of biochemical markers of endothelial dysfunction has still showed contradictory conclusions. The position of the markers in clinical practice has not been resolved yet. In our study, we did not reveal any convincing evidence of differences in the levels of biochemical markers of endothelial dysfunction between the essential and endocrine hypertensions. The contemporary accepted marker of endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis is C-reactive protein as a marker of a chronic low inflammation process. Our study in patients with...
|
guest ::
