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Philosophy and Freedom, Schelling's Philosophy of Freedom in his work from year 1809
Formánek, Jakub ; Kranát, Jan (advisor) ; Karfíková, Lenka (referee)
I am focusing in this thesis on the relationship of freedom and philosophy in Schelling's Freiheitschrift from 1809. I want to discover essence of philosophy of freedom in the writing from 1809. I will show that Schelling's philosophy of freedom has to face a few difficulties, which finally define essence of human freedom. The main difficulty is: The question of human freedom and with that related problems: necessity and freedom, system and freedom. My main thesis is: The solution in Schelling's conception is in the indifferent level called Ungrund that is primordial beginning (essence) of human freedom. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Fundation of meaning between Husserl and Merleau-Ponty
Tesková, Alena ; Karfíková, Lenka (advisor) ; Čapek, Jakub (referee)
Původní inspirací této eseje byla prostá otázka po přetrvávání smyslu jedinečného, modelově pak uměleckého díla, napříč časem a pro různé bytosti. Snaha sledovat tuto otázku v rámci fenomenologické tradice snad má své opodstatnění, neboť je to koneckonců právě fenomenologie, která si vytyčila jako jeden ze svých cílů "návrat k věcem samým", zároveň se jedná o myšlenkový směr, jehož setrvalým tématem je smysl, jeho geneze, dění a (přinejmenším od Husserlovy Krize evropských věd) také jeho ztráta. Přesto se zdá, že otázka po přetrvávání jedinečného má v rámci fenomenologického východiska vnitřně rozporný charakter. Nakolik totiž každá fenomenologie začíná redukcí, obrací se k jevům resp. ke zjevování samotnému, a může se tak zabývat trváním jedinečného jen v jeho trvání pro nás, tedy pro nějaké vědomí (třeba i vědomí vtělené), resp. se pohroužit do fenomenálního pole, kde se však jednotlivé vytrácí. Jediné fenomény, které se pak vskutku zjevují trvale, jsou ty, k nimž není možné upínat pozornost pokaždé jinak, tj. fenomény, které se dávají v konečném počtu nástinů - tedy ideality či obecniny. Tento moment klade výchozí otázce eseje jistou překážku (pro samé trvání se totiž ztrácí jedinečné fenomény, a tváří v tvář jevům je zase třeba zapomenout na jejich vlastní přetrvávání). Přesto však: nejsou kupř. právě...
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Myth in Jan Patočka ́s Thinking
Veselý, Jindřich ; Karfíková, Lenka (advisor) ; Ritter, Martin (referee) ; Novotný, Karel (referee)
The aim of this dissertation, Myth in Jan Patočka ́s thinking, is to explore the issue of the myth in Jan Patočka ́s philosophy. This thinker dealt with myth during all his life, although not systematically, and he discussed it in various contexts and perspectives. The dissertation wants to introduce development of Patočka ́s thinking from this particular point of view in its continuity and discontinuity as well, it tries to reconstruct this meditation and also inquires its function in whole Patočka ́s thinking and its coherence. We presuppose unifying centre of Patočka ́s philosophy, finite being ́s movement of transcendence, and we interpret the issue of the myth in its relation to this centre. We endeavour to depict Patočka ́s unfoldment of this issue, but we also inquire questionable aspects of his thinking. In our opinion there is certain fluctuation or ambiguity in basic foundations of Patočka ́s philosophy. His conception is weakened by questionable presuppositions. That leads to statements difficult to keep. Our conclusion outlines an alternative conception of relation between myth and finite being ́s transcendence and instead of impossible overcoming of myth we propose conscious adoption and responsible modification of indispensable narrative background of all experience. Powered by TCPDF...
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Loss and renewal of good will in Augustine
Valečková, Jitka ; Karfíková, Lenka (advisor) ; Jirsa, Jakub (referee)
ln the preface we asked the question whether human beings are able to reach atonement on their own. We decided to explore the doctrine of Saint Augustine who had been dealing with this theme intensively. Firstly we aimed to find Augustine' s definition of sin. Then we searched for the origin of bad deeds and attempted to define Augustine's will (voluntas) brietly. We looked for the reason of the facuIty of free choice in man and compared this freedom of choice with freedom itself. We searched for the cause and the form of the present human lack of freedom and tried to find out whether and how the liberation of man possible is. Lastly we have found a satisfactory answer to our question. Acts so far intluence man' s future behaviour. Frequent bad actions cause the ignorance of and the difficuIty in carrying out the good. In spíte of this I am convínced that man is able to achieve the genuine virtue because I believe he can comprehend the nature of single acts and strengthen his will to the good by practice.
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The State and Religion in Hegel's Philosophy of Right
Navrátilová, Olga ; Karfíková, Lenka (advisor) ; Landa, Ivan (referee) ; Karásek, Jindřich (referee)
The aim of this dissertation, The State and Religion in Hegel's Philosophy of Right, is to explore the issue of the modern secular state and its relation to religion in the philosophy of G. W. F. Hegel. Before turning attention to this thinker two other concepts of the relationship between the state and religion, the one of Thomas Hobbes and the one of John Locke, will be introduced briefly. These two predecessors of Hegel in the modern political thought both share the same empirical presumptions; they nevertheless come to wholly different conclusions concerning the possibility of religious tolerance and the relationship of the state and the church. Hegel's political philosophy represents an alternative point of view on the nature of the secular state and its relation to religion to both of these exponents of the social contract theory of state. The question of the relationship between the state and religion, which will the focus in the main part of this work, will be discussed with regard to Hegel's concept of freedom. It is this very concept, which makes it possible to show both the mutual interconnection as well as the necessity of the differentiation between these two manifestations of the spirit, i.e. religion and the state, and to explain the tension, which remains present between them. This tension,...
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Active and Passive Freedom in the Works of Pelagius and Augustine
Outrata, Filip ; Noble, Ivana (advisor) ; Karfíková, Lenka (referee)
Tématem této práce je srovnání pojetí svobody vůle v části díla Pelagia a Augustina. Práce se bezprostředně dotýká pravděpodobně nejdůležitější kontroverze dějin západní křesťanské teologie, nevěnuje se však sporům o existenci a hodnocení "pelagianismu" ani jeho ohlasům a aktualizacím v dějinách jednotlivých křesťanských tradic. Pozornost se soustřeďuje výhradně na dílo a osobu Pelagia a Augustina. Jim jsou také věnovány dvě úvodní kapitoly, jež představují ve stručném přehledu život a pojednané dílo obou autorů. S větší podrobností je rozvedena pouze problematika Augustinova postoje k násilným konverzím, již považuji za zvláště významnou pro dané téma. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Understanding in Martin Heidegger
Muchová, Linda ; Karfíková, Lenka (advisor) ; Kranát, Jan (referee)
My thesis deals with understanding in Martin Heidegger, which is also the title of the thesis. The primary literature used for this work is Being and Time. Understanding is definitely one of the most important issues of the 20th century philosophy in general, which should be shown in this work. This work should present roots of understanding in Heidegger's early philosophy from all different perspectives. It is important to stress that above all, the aim of this work, was from the beginning, to show the most original way of Heidegger's thinking on the subject of understanding. The unique way of grasping understanding should be made explicit in the thesis. There is also one particular point in Heidegger's philosophical approach of understanding, which should be brought into light in a much clearer way. It is the problem of understanding and the place of another human being in Heidegger's philosophy when he analyses understanding. It is important to make clear that Heidegger's approach to understanding and hermeneutics was very influential for other philosopher's of the 20th century, for example Paul Ricoeur. Ricoeur shows in his work weak and strong points of Heidegger's philosophy concerning hermenetics and understanding. Ricoeur's remarks will make us able to understand Heidegger's philosophy better....
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Evolution as a Way to God in the Work of Teilhard de Chardin
Jirousová, Františka ; Karfíková, Lenka (advisor) ; Sokol, Jan (referee) ; Macek, Petr (referee)
This dissertation deals with the notion of centration in the work of Teilhard de Chardin, the notion being examined with regard to two related aims: 1) to illustrate the logical structure of Teilhard's Christian theory of evolution, and 2) to explain the relation between centration carried out by created beings and centration assigned to God as the focal point of evolution. In other words: to explore the connection between fundamental freedom attributed by Teilhard to created beings and culminating in human beings according to him, and God's freedom demonstrating itself in controlling the universe and directing it to a goal being the fullness of being (pleroma). The first part presents Teilhard's life and the contexts of his work. The second part explains the main notions of Teilhard's theory and metaphysics, such as "consciousness", "spirit", "energy", "centro-complexity", and "matter", and relates them to the notion of centration. Centration is presented here as an activity of the consciousness consisting in the unifying formation of multitude by its interconnection with different types of relations around one centre. In such unification, the main law of evolution manifests itself - the Law of Differentiating Unity. This means that parts unified in such way start differentiating again. What is...
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Anthropology of Synesius' On Dreams
Horáček, Filip ; Benyovszky, Ladislav (advisor) ; Karfíková, Lenka (referee) ; Nejeschleba, Tomáš (referee)
(F. Horáček: Antropologie Synesiova spisu O snech) 30. 8. 2017 Synesiusʼ treatise On Dreams (early 5th cent. AD) contains a Neoplatonic conception of the so-called pneuma (called also ʻvehicleʼ, ʻluminous bodyʼ etc.) that, among its other functions, ʻrepresentsʼ the immaterial Neoplatonic soul in the material universe. As against the other Neoplatonic texts from Late Antiquity, the authorʼs book is relatively concetrated and detailed so that it offers a comparatively full picture of the pneuma even though the text is no clear cut self-explanatory piece of writing due to its intended esoteric Neoplatonic readership. In my work I try to discover possible implications for the pneuma against the background of other Neoplatonic conceptions of the earlier and also of slightly later time. Synesiusʼ views of the pneuma are not always identical with those of the earlier thinkers. As he switches backgrounds it is often hard to tell whether what he has in mind is identical, like or different from them. I address predominantly - beside contextualization of On Dreams and efforts to solve individual small-scale problems in the text - questions of physical existence of the pneuma before, during, and after reincarnation chain of individual souls, further I discuss the interface between materiality and...
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