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Public investment and municipalities: who receives EU and government subsidies and why?
Tolstoguzova, Ekaterina ; Janský, Petr (advisor) ; Šťastná, Lenka (referee)
The thesis analyzes the economic and political impact on the distribution of EU funds between municipalities with extended competence in the Czech Republic. The data collected covers the period from 2007 to 2020, which corresponds to the two programming periods of the EU Structural Funds. To estimate the coefficients in dynamic models, we performed a system GMM procedure. The significant results obtained demonstrate a positive effect between the tax revenues of the municipality and the subsidies received. This supports the hypothesis that politicians may allocate more funds to more developed municipalities to achieve greater efficiency. Also, we indicated a political influence on the EU funds allocation process. The size of transfers significantly increases in the election years. This suggests that politicians are channelling more financial support to municipalities ahead of elections in an effort to increase voter support.
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Decomposition and time development of expenditure, investment and other public sector indicators in the Czech Republic
Louda, Jaroslav ; Janský, Petr (advisor) ; Palanská, Tereza (referee)
This thesis examines the decompositions of public expenditure and investment between individual governmental levels in the Czech Republic for the period between 2017 and 2020, studies inequalities across municipalities in terms of public expenditure and its components and attempts to offer solutions to inefficiencies arising from high territorial fragmentation of the country. The results show that the role of subnational governments in public spending and investment decreased. Within the subnational level, some resources were allocated from municipal to regional governments. Expenditure per capita across municipalities follows a U-shaped curve, indicating that, for the smallest municipalities, costs tend to be relatively high, especially in the case of administrative expenditure. This issue could be mitigated by implementing policies that would incentivise merging small municipalities into larger ones.
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The Translation of Problematic Passages from Lemony Snicket´s Series All the Wrong Questions
JANSKÝ, Petr
The aim of this thesis is to take a closer look at the contemporary theory of translation and its changes throughout history. The theoretical part of this thesis is a summary of the works of prominent Czech and foreign scholars of the translation theory field and their research and results. In the second section of this work, these pieces of information, as well as the author's knowledge of the work of Lemony Snicket, are going to be used to translate the problematic parts of All the Wrong Questions series by Lemony Snicket, which at the time of writing doesn't have an official Czech translation. The problematic elements are play-on-words, ambiguous or unclear dialogues or fictitious names of people and places. The translation is commented by the translator, who describes and explains the use of particular techniques and methods.
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Uncertainty and Ambiguity in the Work of Lemony Snicket
JANSKÝ, Petr
The main aim of this thesis is a detailed analysis of the story of A Series of Unfortunate Events by Lemony Snicket (Daniel Handler). Literary theory (Botting, Coats, Mendlesohn) and psychological studies (Jung, Heidbrink) will be used to interpret specific motives, characters and situations in the means of uncertainty and ambiguity they represent in the context of ethical issues (relativity of good and evil, safety and danger, childhood and adulthood). Specifically, the work will reflect on the ambiguity associated with the name Beatrice, the secret society (V.F.D.), the meaning of the sugar bowl, the function of intertextual references, and the question of the beginning and the end of the story. Finally, attention will be paid to the psychological and ethical context of the topic of the orphan and the elements of morality in the analysed stories.
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Tax avoidance by multinational corporations: An empirical analysis based on firm-level data
Godar, Sarah ; Janský, Petr (advisor) ; Barrios, Salvador (referee) ; Lejour, Arjan (referee) ; Weichenrieder, Alfons (referee)
Tax avoidance by multinational corporations An empirical analysis based on firm-level data Author: Sarah Godar Abstract In this thesis, I use confidential firm-level data from the Microdatabase Direct Investment (MiDi database) provided by the Deutsche Bundesbank to analyze tax avoidance by German MNCs. While such data has frequently been used in tax-avoidance research, it has yet to be employed to derive macro-level estimates of tax avoidance by Germany-based MNCs. My MiDi-based research includes an estimation of the scale of profit shifting by German affiliates of foreign MNCs and related tax-revenue losses (Chapter 1), as well as an investigation of the tax-haven use and distribution of profits and economic activity of MNCs headquartered in Germany (Chapter 2). Finally, in collaboration with several co-authors, I investigate relatively new micro data on the global tax payments and activities of multinational corporations, voluntarily published by individual MNCs following the implementation of the new CbCR standard (Chapter 3). I employ different methodological approaches depending on the quality of the data and the research focus of each chapter. In the first chapter, I employ a standard microeconometric approach to identify profit- shifting and estimate the semi-elasticities of MNCs' profits with...
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Fiscal benefits and environmental costs of the corporate tax race to the bottom
Čep, Jiří ; Palanský, Miroslav (advisor) ; Janský, Petr (referee)
The goal of this thesis is to compare the fiscal benefits and environmen- tal costs of inward foreign direct investment (FDI) gained through lowering the corporate tax. We achieve this by utilizing a dataset constructed from multiple sources, primarily World Bank, UN, and UNU WIDER. It encom- passes 223 countries and territories between 1990 and 2020. In the three-step model, we first explain the variation in FDI due to a change in the corpo- rate tax rate, later investigate the effect of the change of FDI on government corporate tax revenue, and finally, we examine the effect of FDI change on CO2 emissions. We then convert those to monetary terms using the social costs of carbon mechanics. The results show that although we have discovered a significant positive fiscal effect of corporate tax cut, we have failed to prove the existence of a causal relationship between FDI change and change in CO2 emissions per capita. Moreover, we did not find evidence of this relationship on any regional or development level. We verified the existence of a positive impact of corporate tax cut on incoming FDI. Keywords Corporate taxation, greenhouse gas emissions, social costs of carbon, for- eign direct investment, tax havens
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Deterrents of capital flight: Evidence from post-Soviet countries
Simachyova, Valeriya ; Janský, Petr (advisor) ; Semerák, Vilém (referee)
This master thesis studies the effect of government debt, corporate taxation, and inflation rate on the trade misreporting gap. Furthermore, this thesis attempted to replicate and expand the analysis of Kellenberg and Levinson (2019) on the subset of post-Soviet countries on a greater timespan to identify whether a generalized conclusion is applicable for all the developing countries. The data was collected from numerous resources (UN Comtrade, CEPII, World bank, GCR, De Sousa (2012)), with the final sample consisting of 127 countries where the leading trading partner was one of the countries from the post-Soviet union in the timespan between 2002 and 2020. It was found that for the exporting country, the government debt is positively associated with the trade gap, while there is no significant impact of corporate taxes and inflation. On the contrary, for the importer, the smaller the government debt, the larger the trade misreporting gap; the higher corporate taxation has a positive association with the illicit behavior, which can be explained by the incentive to misreport traded value; the inflation rate does not affect the trade reporting gap. Change of the data sample neither significantly affected trade gap distribution nor affected the conclusions of the earlier research.
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Corporate Social Responsibility and tax haven use: Evidence from the Central and Eastern Europe
Sovičová, Veronika ; Doležalová, Antonie (advisor) ; Janský, Petr (referee)
The notion that businesses have certain responsibilities towards the society beyond the profit maximizing principle known as the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has been devoted increasing attention in the academic field. Prior literature has found a link between firms' CSR engagement and the use of tax havens, which are generally known for offering some form of preferential tax treatment. The aim of this thesis is to examine this relationship in the context of the Central and Eastern European countries. To perform the analysis, we collected data on 79 unique Central and Eastern European firms from 11 countries for the year 2020. Employing the ordered logistic regression methodology with CSR performance as categorical response variable and a tax haven user dummy as the main dependent variable of interest, we discovered that there is a significant relationship between CSR and tax haven use. It can be thus claimed that CSR has already developed sufficiently for such relationship to emerge in the post- communist region. Moreover, we find that this relationship is negative. This would suggest that the probability of being socially responsible is lower in tax haven using firms. Specifically, we provide evidence that tax haven using firms are more than 60% less likely to have higher CSR score. Our...
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Global distribution of revenue loss from corporate tax avoidance
Richtárová, Marie Anna ; Janský, Petr (advisor) ; Dubinina, Evgeniya (referee)
Existing empirical results suggest inequality of the global distribution of tax revenue loss resulting from tax avoidance techniques as base erosion and profit shifting to the detriment of developing countries. International Mon- etary Fund researchers conducted a pioneering study in this field in 2016 and introduced an innovative methodology to quantify the revenue impact. The aim of this thesis is firstly to re-estimate their model. Moreover, among other changes in the data, we exploit high-quality revenue data from the International Centre for Tax and Development-World Institute for Develop- ment Economics Research Government Revenue Database with an extended time range offering so more recent and accurate estimates of global revenue loss. Our findings suggest a slightly lower estimate of US$550 billion revenue loss globally. In terms of percent of the gross domestic product, the results indicate a less severe revenue loss compared to previous estimates. Follow- ing a previous re-estimation carried out by Cobham and Janský in 2018, we present updated loss estimates disaggregated for country income groups and regions. The results present further evidence of greater severity of rev- enue loss due to tax avoidance in low and lower-middle income countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America & the...
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