National Repository of Grey Literature 7 records found  Search took 0.00 seconds. 
Cognitive flexibility in selected animal models of psychiatric disorders
Janíková, Martina ; Stuchlík, Aleš (advisor) ; Rokyta, Richard (referee) ; Ježek, Karel (referee)
Cognitive flexibility is the ability to adjust thinking and behavior based on changing conditions. Cognitive rigidity has been described in a variety of psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders and has been suggested to contribute to symptom maintenance. Therefore, we aimed to study cognitive flexibility and other behavioral characteristics in several rodent models relevant to schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and autism spectrum disorder. In a two-hit mice model relevant to schizophrenia, we found the between-group difference in set- shifting and decreased number of parvalbumin interneurons in the hippocampus of stressed female mice. Interestingly, we found no impairment in any other behavioral task. In two pharmacological rat models relevant to OCD, we showed that sensitization to D2/D3 receptor agonist quinpirole and serotonin 1A/7 agonist 8-OH-DPAT produced severe spatial learning and memory impairment in the Active Allothetic Place Avoidance task. The impairment was so severe that the reversal couldn't be tested. Surprisingly, drugs decreasing glutamatergic neurotransmission, memantine and riluzole, further impaired the performance in both models, although no such effect was observed when they were applied alone. Lastly, we showed that the knockout of a collapsin response...
Influence of culture on the conception of mental illness.
Janíková, Martina ; Hnilica, Karel (advisor) ; Zoufalá, Marcela (referee)
The aim of this thesis is to describe sociocultural aspects of mental illness. The thesis concerns with sociocultural influences on formation and conceptualization of illness explanatory models that shape unstructured fyziological phenomenon into structured experience. Specific cultural content of biological categories is the foundation of health care systems, lay conceptions and prejudices and determines social status of the mentally ill. Also attitudes of society towards its deviant members reflect her essential characteristics. Therefore, this thesis outlines historical and cross-cultural transformations of mental illness within the broad social context. Describes health care system as a specific layer of social and symbolic reality and points out the influence of dominant psychiatric discourse on the conception of illness. Attention was also paied to media selective portrayals of mental illness that were proved to strenghten negative stereotypes. Mental illnesses, how was shown, differs cross-culturally. Though basic psychiatric syndromes occur in every society, culture promotes and shapes particular symptoms, so that progress and prognosis can be very different. We can, therefore, conclude that every illness is in a way culture-related.
Impairment of cognitive flexibility and its assessment in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Janíková, Martina ; Hocko Fajnerová, Iveta (advisor) ; Krámská, Lenka (referee)
Cognitive flexibility can be described as adaptive ability to change one's behavior in response to the environment. Psychological tests measure cognitive flexibility mainly as an ability to switch between different cues, tasks or objects. This thesis is focused on cognitive flexibility in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). To assess it, participants were tested in two different virtual tests of cognitive flexibility in spatial navigation task: Active allothetic place preference and Active allothetic place avoidance. In one of the tests participants have to navigate in rotating arena towads invisble goal (AAPP). In the other one they have to avoid invisible sector where time is counted upon entering (AAPA). As the sector and goal are visually imperceptible, participants have to use only cues inside and outside the arena and are also informed about entering the sector by sound signal. The sector changes its position from stable position in room frame to stable position in arena frame between conditions. Therefore, participants have to learn to switch between room and arena frame to sucessfully solve the task. Results of this study suggest that OCD patients are significantly worse in estimating position of the goal in AAPP, especially after change of condition. Further comparsion of...
Memory consolidation of mental schemas during sleep
Hanzlík, Adam-František ; Kelemen, Eduard (advisor) ; Janíková, Martina (referee)
A core feature of the human mind is the ability of abstraction. Relying on this ability, a mental or cognitive schema is a memory framework which underlies alike memory representations. In order for newly acquired memory representations to be preserved for long-term storage, they have to undergo memory consolidation and sleep is a major factor in this process. In a rat model, learning in the context of an existing schema is faster and it is characterised by IEG up-regulation. It is presumable that consolidation during sleep enables the extraction of commonalities from alike memory representations, resulting in schema formation. On a mechanistic level, schemata might be formed by a process which (a) employs synaptic potentiation induced by neuronal replay, (b) requires synaptic downscaling and (c) affects overlapping memory representations. This overlapping character of schema creation might be reflected by the nature of neuronal replay in the hippocampus. It appears that individual sleep stages influence schemata consolidation differently. In human experiments on schemata consolidation, the amount of knowledge a participant is given prior to training is critical.
Psychological aspects of neurodegenerative diseases
Janíková, Martina ; Šivicová, Gabriela (advisor) ; Kaplan, Cyril (referee)
Neurodegenerative diseases are heterogeneous group of disorders that are characterized by the extinction of specific group of neurons. Clinical symptoms evolve as a result of impairment of particular brain regions. The most frequent symptoms are motoric malfunctions and cognitive deficits leading in some cases to dementia. This thesis focuses on description of psychological changes and neuropsychological disorders accompanying Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. An original research proposal aiming at exploration of neuropsychological profile of patients with Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies is presented in the empirical part. Keywords Neurodegenerative diseases, Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, psychological aspects
The effect of behavioral irregularity on the attribution of agency to inanimate objects
Janíková, Martina ; Bečev, Ondřej (advisor) ; Havlíček, Jan (referee)
Agency is the capacity of an entity to act independently in a world. Many previous studies have demonstrated that inanimate objects without human or animal traits are under some circumstances perceived as having features of animate objects and can elicit attribution of mental states like motivation, emotion or intention. There are three main types of cues that evoke attribution of agency: morphological cues (head, face, biomechanical movement), behavioral cues (self-propelled movement, goal-directedness, changes in speed or direction, unpredictability, principle of rational (efficient) action) and communicative cues (interaction). In the current study we focused on examinaton of behavioral irregularity and its role in eliciting agency attribution to simple geometric figures. The aim of this study was to verify whether behavioral irregularity can lead to attribution of agency to irregular object. Two studies were designed to test this possibility. In Study A participants (N=20) watched a sequence of priming videoclips displaying four moving geometric shapes. In every trial one object was automatically selected and participans were asked to evaluate its movement on a seven-point scale. Six attributes related to attribution of agency (animacy, goal-directedness, freedom, dynamism, rationality and...
Influence of culture on the conception of mental illness.
Janíková, Martina ; Hnilica, Karel (advisor) ; Zoufalá, Marcela (referee)
The aim of this thesis is to describe sociocultural aspects of mental illness. The thesis concerns with sociocultural influences on formation and conceptualization of illness explanatory models that shape unstructured fyziological phenomenon into structured experience. Specific cultural content of biological categories is the foundation of health care systems, lay conceptions and prejudices and determines social status of the mentally ill. Also attitudes of society towards its deviant members reflect her essential characteristics. Therefore, this thesis outlines historical and cross-cultural transformations of mental illness within the broad social context. Describes health care system as a specific layer of social and symbolic reality and points out the influence of dominant psychiatric discourse on the conception of illness. Attention was also paied to media selective portrayals of mental illness that were proved to strenghten negative stereotypes. Mental illnesses, how was shown, differs cross-culturally. Though basic psychiatric syndromes occur in every society, culture promotes and shapes particular symptoms, so that progress and prognosis can be very different. We can, therefore, conclude that every illness is in a way culture-related.

See also: similar author names
3 Janíková, Magdaléna
1 Janíková, Marie
3 Janíková, Marika
4 Janíková, Michaela
2 Janíková, Miroslava
4 Janíková, Monika
Interested in being notified about new results for this query?
Subscribe to the RSS feed.