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The potential for collecting used cooking oil in the Czech republic
Dalecká, Kateřina ; Innemanová, Petra (advisor) ; Matějíček, Luboš (referee)
Used cooking oil is currently a very little solved topic in area of handling municipal waste. It has not been deal with this in legislative yet so it is really important to look for solution how to collect used cooking oil from household and how to use it again. Used kitchen oil is produced in households during frying. In these days some villages and cities have special places where can be used cooking oil collected, but there are not many of them. Ministry of the Environment establishes an obligation to sort the used cooking oil in cities of the Czech Republic. . First part of this thesis examinates how used kitchen oil can be utilized. It can be used in waste-to-energy facilities, in biogas plants, can be converted to biodiesel or can be used as culture medium for the production of bioplastics. Second part shows how used cooking oil is separated and cities which option of separation is the best from economical and practical point of view. There are collections points in public places like supermarket in Austria. People can simply exchange full jar for empty one. Next good solution is location of collections points in companies ans schools, because they are daily visited by people. Third part is focused on questionnaires survey. First questionnaire it is aimed on villages and cities. Second on...
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Biodegradability assessment of new types of lightweight polyurethanes
Tošovská, Kateřina ; Innemanová, Petra (advisor) ; Beneš, Hynek (referee)
The subject of the bachelor thesis is biological degradation (biodegradation) of new types of lightweight polyurethanes which were synthesized for an agriculture application. The theoretical part summarises the utilization and biodegradation principles of polyurethanes and it outlines standardised methods for quantification of biodegradability potential. The biodegradability potential of the new materials was tested respirometrically according to the standard D 5988 under laboratory conditions for 150 days. Cellulose (the positive control) was mineralised of 30,25±2,28 %. The best biodegradable material (PUR-B) was mineralised of 9,73±1,95 %. According to the procedure described in the standard D 5988 our results were undervalued. Consequently absorbed CO2 released from biodegradeble materials was stabilised by reaction with BaCl2. The reaciton is needed to interpret the results correctly. A screening method for a quick test of biodegradability was designed. It included biodegradation by bacterial inoculum in mineral medium. The availability of materials for microbial degradation was meassured as a time-dependent function of optical density. The non-biodegradable residual particles of plastics represent a potential risk for the environment. The issue of microplastics and their quantification was...
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Optimization of collection of backward collected batteries and accumulators in the framework of the Czech Republic using GIS
Kukal, Tomáš Augustin ; Matějíček, Luboš (advisor) ; Innemanová, Petra (referee)
With increasing growing the number of batteries, namely accumulators, Consequently, their take-away and a need of recyclation is increasing too. It is thus necessary to find a suitable way to their optimalization that can lead to the establishment of new waste collection machineries. This study deals with the data analysis by ECOBAT s.r.o. company, data processing and a model construction (in five different versions). The output of the diploma thesis is a model of the batteries collection enabling closer look on take-away routes, The model is based on the distances of take-away routes based on a principle of the utility areas and a role of a transport. The data are obtained from program ArcGIS 10.5 and subsequently handled in program Microsoft Excel. The outputs are the map schemes issuing from five different versions. The first one is showing the current situation, The other one is showing the version of treating units in three largest towns of the Czechia, the third one treating units in all the towns with above 100 000 inhabitants. The forth on eis showing a possibility to have a collection point in each of the county seats. The last one has the same location, but the threating units have higher capacities. The model is general, there is therefore a possibility of using it in modeling for other...
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Application of analytical pyrolysis for the detection of plastics and microplastics in the environment
Havlíčková, Lucie ; Cajthaml, Tomáš (advisor) ; Innemanová, Petra (referee)
The issue of microplastics is becoming increasingly important every year and so is the need for finding solutions. Plastic fragments smaller than 5 mm have already been found all over the planet in all spheres of the environment. Among the crucial factors of resolving this issue are, for example, restrictions in the production and overuse of plastic materials, unification and improvement of the waste management system, prevention of unintended release of plastic waste into the environment, the study of possible toxic effects of microplastics on living organisms, and the development of separation and detection techniques for the precise detection and identification of microplastics and nanoplastics. In recent years, the combination of pyrolysis, gas chromatography, and mass spectrometry (Pyr-GC-MS) has proven to be a potentially suitable instrument for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of these plastic particles. This Master's thesis proves that the Pyr-GC-MS method can, above all, be sensitive and accurate enough for the detection of microplastics in real environmental samples, where the particles are present in very low concentrations. Due to the broad diversity of physical and chemical properties of polymers, it is highly difficult to develop a single analytical method for the whole range...
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Biodegradation of new types of lightweight polyurethanes in different environmentally-relevant microcosms
Hušek, Pavel ; Innemanová, Petra (advisor) ; Cajthaml, Tomáš (referee)
Presented diploma thesis focuses on a new type of lightweight polyurethane foam (PUR), which has been manufactured with the intention of it being biodegradable within currently valid norms on biodegradation of plastic materials. The future use of said polyurethane foam is as carrier for odor repellent to avoid wildlife-vehicle collisions in agriculture landscape, where, after the end of its lifespan it could be left to biodegrade in soil the environment. The examined material, PUR BIO-10, was tested for biodegradability in laboratory microcosms according to standardized method ASTM D5988-03. Biodegradability was tested in two separate soil types - forest soil and agricultural soil, which have been selected with the future use of the material in mind. According to the method biodegradability was measured as mineralization of the material by capturing evolved carbon dioxide. Two trials with different treatments were executed. In the first trial the material was introduced directly into the soil and in the second trial the material was tested in a litterbag to avoid soil contamination which was problematic for further analysis. During the first trial, after 90 days, the mineralization of polyurethane foam was 10.65 ± 2.54 % in the forest soil and 20.48 ± 9.18 % in the agricultural soil. During the...
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Two different approaches in toxic pollution remediation - pilot scale tests
Innemanová, Petra
Mgr. Petra Innemanová: Two different approaches in toxic pollution remediation - pilot scale tests Supervisor: Prof. Ing. Kateřina Demnerová, CSc. Study programme: Microbiology Study subprogramme: Microbiology Date of defence: 23.9.2005 SUMMARY Large amount of organic substances has been leached into subsurface as a result of human activities and/or related accidents. A lot of new information concerning possibilities of their subsequent removal from the living environment is published every year. A very important step for an application of new methods as functional technologies is their pilot scale testing or other verification under service conditions. It is clear, that the experimental treatment of tons of contaminated soils or vast volumes of water often requires solving of specific problems, not occurring on the microcosms scale. Two different approaches (natural attenuation and enhanced biodegradation) for removal of contamination were verified by means of proprietary applied research conducted at the DEKONTA company. I) At many contaminated sites the subsurface is capable of natural attenuation of pollutants thus potentially decreasing the cost of remediation. This reduction in concentration of pollutants is due to a number of processes, including simple dilution, dispersion, sorption, volatilisation,...
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The thermochemical methods for the recovery of P from the waste sludge
Struňáková, Katarína ; Šyc, Michal (advisor) ; Innemanová, Petra (referee)
Global food production is strongly dependent on the application of phosphate fertilizers, the production requires apatite - a primary phosphate rock. Apatite is a non-renewable source of phosphorus, depletion of which estimated within the next 50 - 300 years. Sewage sludge is an important secondary source of phosphorus through recycling. Thermochemical methods pose one of the ways of recycling phosphorus from this source. For this diploma thesis, the hydrothermal carbonization of stabilized sewage sludge was monitored in the environments of distilled water, sulfuric acid solution and sodium hydroxide solution. The trans- port of phosphorus and heavy metals between the solid and liquid product of this treatment depending on the environmental conditions was monitored. In all cases, the weight of the sewage sludge was reduced and parts of the organic matter were destroyed. The highest efficiency was achieved under alkaline conditions, where the weight was reduced by 44 % and the resulting solid product contained approximately 25 % of organic matter. After neutral hydrothermal treatment, 91 % of the phosphorus remained in solid form, in which the other monitored elements also accumulated. The greatest release of phosphorus into the liquid phase occurred under acidic conditions when 62 % of the phosphorus...
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Utilization of treated wastewater in a drip irrigation system
Šalanda, Pavel ; Innemanová, Petra (advisor) ; Cajthaml, Tomáš (referee)
Drought has an increasing importance in the Czech republic. It is necessary to look for potential irrigation water sources, which are important for agriculture. Treated wastewater can be one of them. It has potentially negative impact on soil physico-chemical properties, which is well-known from many researches in arid regions. The aim of this diploma thesis was to investigate, if the drip irrigation with treated wastewater (from constructed wetland) also has a potentially negative impact on two soils in the Czech republic. In one year experiment drip irrigation with treated wastewater was carried out in the greenhouse. Four treatments of irrigation was used for both soils - irrigation with treated wastewater, irrigation with groundwater, irrigation with treated wastewater + rainwater, irrigation with groundwater + rainwater. An amount of rainwater correspond with total precipitation of two locations, where the soils were brought from (Kostelec nad Ohří - Ústí nad Labem region and Hostětín - Zlín region). pH and electrical conductivity of soil leachate, total concentration of Na, K, Ca, Mg a P, bulk density, particle density and porosity was measured in both soils in 5 and 10 centimeters from source of irrigation. Values of pH of soil leachate fluctuated in every treatment in both soils during the...
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Biodegradation of new types of lightweight polyurethanes in different environmentally-relevant microcosms
Hušek, Pavel ; Innemanová, Petra (advisor) ; Cajthaml, Tomáš (referee)
Presented diploma thesis focuses on a new type of lightweight polyurethane foam (PUR), which has been manufactured with the intention of it being biodegradable within currently valid norms on biodegradation of plastic materials. The future use of said polyurethane foam is as carrier for odor repellent to avoid wildlife-vehicle collisions in agriculture landscape, where, after the end of its lifespan it could be left to biodegrade in soil the environment. The examined material, PUR BIO-10, was tested for biodegradability in laboratory microcosms according to standardized method ASTM D5988-03. Biodegradability was tested in two separate soil types - forest soil and agricultural soil, which have been selected with the future use of the material in mind. According to the method biodegradability was measured as mineralization of the material by capturing evolved carbon dioxide. During the first trial the mineralization of polyurethane foam was 10.65 ± 2.54 % in the forest soil and 20.48 ± 9.18 % in the agricultural soil. During the second trial the mineralization was 3.88 ± 3.42 % in the forest soil and 8.96 ± 1.79 % in the agricultural soil. In the second trial the difference between the soils was statistically significant. After the end of the biodegradation experiments the tested material was...
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Toxicity of perfluorinated hydrocarbons
Leifertová, Karolína ; Cajthaml, Tomáš (advisor) ; Innemanová, Petra (referee)
Perfluorinated hydrocarbons are manmade chemicals used to make fluoropolymer coatings and products resistant to stains, oil, heat and water. Perfluorinated compounds such as perfluorooctane acid (PFOA) perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) have been recognized as emerging environmental pollutants due to their persistance and ubiquity in the environment, biota and also humans. This paper focuses on toxicity of perfluorinated hydrocarbons, mainly PFOS and PFOA. A special attention is given to mechanism of toxicity of perfluorinated compounds, which have not yet been fully elucidated. Further studies should be performed to reveal the environmental risk assessment and mechanism of toxicity of perfluorinated compounds.
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