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Induction of neurogenesis and gliogenesis after ischemic injury of CNS
Filipová, Marcela ; Anděrová, Miroslava (advisor) ; Moravec, Jan (referee)
Ischemic injury (stroke) is one of the most common causes of death and disability in humans. Discovery of adult neurogenesis and possibilities to induce neurogenesis by cytokines brought new approaches and hopes in treating the ischemic lesion in future. The aim of this thesis is to describe cellular and molecular mechanisms of neurogenesis, mainly those discovered within last ten years. The first part describes generation of new neurons in the brain under physiological conditions, which is localized in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles (i.e. in principal neurogenic regions). The second part describes animal models used for studying ischemic injury in rodents and moreover, it focuses on patophysiology of ischemic brain injury, which is accompanied by astrocyte and microglia activation. Further, the ischemia-induced neurogenesis is described in these two major neurogenic regions. Also the important role of NG2 glial cells in central nervous system (CNS) regeneration is pointed out. According to recent findings NG2 glia that are present in all regions of CNS might serve as a potential source of cells for directed differentiation into oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and even neurons during CNS repair/regeneration. In the last part of this work,...
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Study of Cellular Toxicity of Representative Nanoparticles in Tissue Cultures.
Filipová, Marcela ; Holada, Karel (advisor) ; Benson, Veronika (referee) ; Hubálek Kalbáčová, Marie (referee)
Safety concerns arising from cytotoxic behavior of nanoparticles (NPs) in complex biological environment remain the main problem limiting NPs application in biomedicine. In this study, we have investigated cytotoxicity of NPs with different composition, shape and size, namely SiO2 NPs (SiNPs, 7-14 nm), superparamagnetic iron oxide NPs (SPIONs, 8 nm) and carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTCOOHs, diameter: 60-100 nm, length: 1-2 μm). Cytotoxicity was evaluated with newly designed screening assay capable to simultaneously assess activity of cell dehydrogenases, activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) released from cells into environment and number of intact cell nuclei and apoptotic bodies in human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) culture growing in the very same well of the 96-well plate. Aforementioned attributes were subsequently utilized to obtain information about cell viability and necrotic and apoptotic aspects of cell death. Results from this "three-in-one" cell death screening (CDS) assay showed that SiNPs and CNTCOOHs evoked pronounced cytotoxic effect demonstrated as decrease of cell viability and development of apoptotic bodies formation. In contrast to this, SPIONs induced only mild cytotoxicity. Moreover, SiNPs impaired cell membrane leading to increased LDH release...
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Differentiation potential of polydendrocytes after focal cerebral ischemia
Filipová, Marcela ; Anděrová, Miroslava (advisor) ; Jendelová, Pavla (referee)
Ischemic injury leeds to sequence of pathophysiological events, which are accompanied by a release of growth factors and morphogens that significantly affect cell proliferation, migration and also their differentiation. Following ischemia, besides enhanced neurogenesis and gliogenesis in subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles and gyrus dentatus of the hippocampus, neurogenesis/gliogenesis also occurs in non-neurogenic regions, such as cortex or striatum. Recently, the attention was turned to a new glial cell type, termed polydendrocytes or NG2 glia. Under physiological conditions, these cells are able to divide and differentiate into mature oligodendrocytes due to they have often been equated with oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Based on recent reports, polydendrocytes are also able to generate protoplasmic astrocytes (Zhu et al., 2008) and neurons in vitro (Belachew et al., 2003), however their ability to differentiate into astrocytes or neurons under physiological or pathological conditions is still highly debated. Therefore, we have investigated the effect of different growth factors and morphogens, specifically brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and a morphogen sonic hedgehog (Shh), on...
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Induction of neurogenesis and gliogenesis after ischemic injury of CNS
Filipová, Marcela ; Moravec, Jan (referee) ; Anděrová, Miroslava (advisor)
Ischemic injury (stroke) is one of the most common causes of death and disability in humans. Discovery of adult neurogenesis and possibilities to induce neurogenesis by cytokines brought new approaches and hopes in treating the ischemic lesion in future. The aim of this thesis is to describe cellular and molecular mechanisms of neurogenesis, mainly those discovered within last ten years. The first part describes generation of new neurons in the brain under physiological conditions, which is localized in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles (i.e. in principal neurogenic regions). The second part describes animal models used for studying ischemic injury in rodents and moreover, it focuses on patophysiology of ischemic brain injury, which is accompanied by astrocyte and microglia activation. Further, the ischemia-induced neurogenesis is described in these two major neurogenic regions. Also the important role of NG2 glial cells in central nervous system (CNS) regeneration is pointed out. According to recent findings NG2 glia that are present in all regions of CNS might serve as a potential source of cells for directed differentiation into oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and even neurons during CNS repair/regeneration. In the last part of this work,...
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The task of a midwife by satisfying of woman´s needs after hysterectomy
FILIPOVÁ, Marcela
This bachelor thesis deals with the role of the midwife while satisfying women´s needs after hysterectomy. The bachelor thesis is divided into two parts; the theoretical part and the investigative part. In the theoretical part there are defined gynaecological surgeries, especially hysterectomy. There are also characterised indications which are used for hysterectomy and the description of the preoperative care and the postoperative course of hysterectomy. In the field of the preoperative care and the postoperative course there is described the role of the midwife. The theoretical part is made up by a chapter which describes the needs of the women. There are mentioned the needs of physical movement, safety, belonging and love. The theoretical part is closed by a chapter dealing with education of a woman after hysterectomy by midwives. Two objectives were set in this work. The first aim was to investigate what are the needs of women after hysterectomy. The next aim was targeted at satisfaction of the woman after hysterectomy by of midwife care. Three investigative questions were asked for these two targets: Which bio-psycho-social needs were mostly changed after hysterectomy? How do women after hysterectomy evaluate the care of midwife? What were the expectations of women after hysterectomy in connection with the midwife care? The investigative research was done via detailed, individual and semistructured interviews. The interviews were made with eight women who underwent hysterectomy in March and April in 2016. The interviews took place in selected gynaecological clinics in South Bohemia. Women and gynaecologists were made familiar with the topic and investigative targets of the bachelor thesis before the interviews. Women were assured that they would stay anonymous and the data would be used according to ethical standards. Accordingly requests for permission to co-operate were signed. The gained interviews were recorded with the consent of women, then they were rewritten into the printed form and analyzed using stained methods text. Based on the analysis of statement there were set the categories and subcategories. There were formed four main categories which were completed by fourteen subcategories. The first category dealt with a woman before the surgery, it focused on woman indication towards hysterectomy and the feeling of a woman before the surgery. The second category dealt with needs of the women. The third category was dedicated to postoperative course complications. The fourth category focused on the midwife care of woman after hysterectomy. The most frequent reason for undergoing hysterectomy was vaginal leiomyoma as stated by women W1, W2, W5, W7, W8 from the research sample of the conducted research survey. Other reasons for hysterectomy in my research sample were precancerous states, malign cervical tumours and uterus prolapse. Attention of the research survey was also paid to women's feelings before the hysterectomy. The results showed that women most frequently felt anxiety and distress before the surgery. Further there was an observation of women's needs changed after hysterectomy. The results showed changed needs of sleep and physical activity needs in post operative period. The change also took place in needs to fell safe and without pain. The midwife has an important role in satisfying these needs, because they are in close contact with the patient and are able to tend to her changing needs. It was found out that there were no major changes regarding breathing, hygiene, nutrition, sexual needs, sense of belonging and love after the hysterectomy procedure.The Bachelor thesis pointed out gaps (weaknesses) in midwife care of women after hysterectomy and as well as it tries to find appropriate steps for improving care of woman. The aim of the midwife work should be meeting the needs and looking at the and looking at the woman in the holistic way.
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