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Possibilities of perfluorinated organic compounds (PFCs) removal in drinking water treatment plants and their occurrence in drinking water sources in the Czech Republic
Čermáková, Lenka ; Fialová, Kateřina ; Prokopová, Michaela ; Semerád, Jaroslav ; Petříček, Radim ; Pivokonská, Lenka ; Cajthaml, Tomáš ; Pivokonský, Martin
This summary research report was implemented within the project TAČR TJ04000212 program to support applied research ZÉTA „Possibilities of perfluorinated organic compounds (PFCs) removal in drinking water treatment plants and their occurrence in drinking water sources in the Czech Republic“. This report is addressed to water treatment plant operators and serves as a basic material for optimizing the coagulation / flocculation and adsorption process in water treatment. The report explains in detail the issue of removal of perfluorinated organic substances (PFCs) in water treatment, especially the process of adsorption in pilot plant conditions. This report will be used as a theoretical basis for the operation of the water treatment plant in Kutná Hora operated by the Water Management Company Vrchlice - Maleč, a. s.
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Mixture toxicity of estrogenic endocrine disruptors in samples from the Czech Republic
Černá, Tereza ; Cajthaml, Tomáš (advisor) ; Klusoň, Petr (referee) ; Šváb, Marek (referee)
The environment is contaminated by countless toxic chemicals of mainly anthropogenic origin; therefore, elucidating the impact of chemical mixtures is one of the biggest challenges of current research. Endocrine disruptors (EDs) acting through the oestrogenic nuclear receptor are typical representatives of the mixture toxicity concept of concentration addition, which can be accurately predicted using the latest mathematical models. Oestrogenic activity and oestrogenic EDs have been detected in many matrices across the globe in biologically relevant concentrations; therefore, they are considered a high risk. The presence of synthetic steroids in the aquatic environment in units of ng/l can disrupt the hormonal pathways of individuals and subsequently cause fatal changes in whole populations. However, if the exposure is terminated, the ecosystem will recover in a few years. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are able to remove a large number of chemicals, including synthetic and natural oestrogenically active compounds; nevertheless, their occurrence in WWTP effluents and in sewage sludges is frequent. Therefore, WWTPs are considered significant sources of agricultural and water ecosystem pollution. This dissertation thesis focuses on the mixture toxicity of oestrogenic EDs and their occurrence in...
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Advanced remediation technologies for recalcitrant pollutants
Lhotský, Ondřej ; Cajthaml, Tomáš (advisor) ; Šváb, Marek (referee) ; Chrastný, Vladislav (referee)
Advanced remediation technologies for recalcitrant pollutants Studium pokročilých sanačních technologií pro rekalcitrantní polutanty Dissertation thesis Ing. Ondřej Lhotský Abstract This study focuses primarily on the testing and optimization of methods based on modifications to, and the targeted enhancement of, natural microbial processes for the removal of recalcitrant pollutants. Pilot tests were conducted of these innovative methods at real contaminated sites and matrices, and their effectiveness was monitored in the relevant environments. The pilot tests generally confirmed the potential of the modifications and bioremediation technology combinations by revealing significant increases in the removal efficiency for a number of recalcitrant contaminants. The study provides a general summary of the issue of soil and rock environment contamination by recalcitrant contaminants and familiarizes the reader with bioremediation technologies and their optimization for the removal of recalcitrant contaminants. Subsequently, a theoretical introduction is provided of the methods applied in 4 pilot tests of optimized and combined remediation methods at real contaminated sites in the Czech Republic. The pilot tests are described in detail in publications 1, 2, 4 and 5. Publication 6 covers a pilot test conducted on...
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Environmental aspects of wastewater treatment and reuse in nature based technologies
Šereš, Michal ; Cajthaml, Tomáš (advisor) ; Uhlík, Ondřej (referee) ; Hanč, Aleš (referee)
In recent years, the issue of appropriate and efficient approaches to wastewater management and its potential reuse has become increasingly important in view of the geographical conditions of Central Europe, where, until recently, the problems associated with climate change and drought may not have seemed so pressing at first sight. Increasingly, so-called nature-based water management solutions, which help to both clean the water and retain it in the landscape, are being proposed. In drier, especially arid areas, this topic has been under discussion for many years and several examples of larger-scale applications are available. In the Czech Republic, on the other hand, mainly pilot applications only have been considered to date. However, the potential of nature-based solutions such as constructed wetlands, denitrification bioreactors, artificial wetlands and so-called reed bed units, is considerable. The advantages lie mainly in the robustness of these systems and their ability to mimic and intensify the natural water purification processes that occur in nature. They can be applied to waters contaminated with common fecal pollution or with higher nutrient content, as well as to waters contaminated with various types of micropollutants such as pharmaceuticals, hormonally-active substances and...
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The issues of proving the use of pesticides in illegal poisoning of animals
Křížová, Iveta ; Cajthaml, Tomáš (advisor) ; Kukla, Jaroslav (referee)
Pesticide poisoning is a worldwide problem. Pesticides are chemicals designed to eliminate unwanted organisms. Many products are banned due to their toxicity, but they are still being abused. The problem arises in proving poisoning due to lack of evidence. Tracing chemicals using chemical attribution signatures is a relatively new method used in forensic sciences, but pesticides are understudied in this field. Characteristic compounds in chemicals are searched for that may provide the necessary information about produce and use illicit substances. This bachelor's thesis deals with the abuse of pesticide products in illegal poisoning of wildlife. Special attention is paid to carbofuran, which is the most frequently abused pesticide in the Czech Republic. The aim of the experimental part was to analyze carbofuran preparations and to prove that individual preparations differ qualitatively from each other.
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Novel perfluorinated compounds in the environment
Leifertová, Karolína ; Cajthaml, Tomáš (advisor) ; Innemanová, Petra (referee)
Perfluorinated compounds are a broad class of manmade chemicals. Even though they have been linked to hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, nephrotoxicity and carcinogenicity, the mechanism of toxicity still remains unclear. Only recently, two compounds (perfluorooctanesulfonic acid and perfluorooctanoic acid) have been phased out. This has led to a production of so-called "novel perfluorinated compounds". This work focuses on the evaluation of toxicity for 4 perfluorinated compounds, including the novel perfluorinated compounds (perfluorooctanesulfonic acid PFOS, perfluorooctanoic acid PFOA, hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid GenX, and hexafluoropropylene oxide trimer acid HFPO-TA). Gonadal and liver cell lines of rainbow trout were used for testing. Relevant toxicity tests were performed, such as viability tests (carboxyfluorescein diacetate, alamar blue and neutral red uptake), cytochrome P450 1A activation (ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase, EROD) and measurements of reactive oxygen species generation (2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate). HFPO- TA dramatically reduced viability and resulted in a statistically significant increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species. GenX caused an increase in EROD activity, but no effect on viability or reactive oxygen species formation was observed. The...
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Advances in applied research in the field of remediation of contaminated groundwater and industrial waste water
Kašparová, Johana ; Innemanová, Petra (advisor) ; Cajthaml, Tomáš (referee)
Water pollution is one of the most serious global problems in today's age. Contamination of water disrupts aquatic ecosystems and their surroundings. A major problem for people in some parts of the world is the decreasing availability of drinking water. In order to prevent further pollution, there are laws, mostly in developed countries, that try to protect water resources. Another procedure to reduce pollution is remediation methods. In the Czech Republic there are entities active in environmental protection deal with remediation technologies and inventories of contaminated sites such as state administration bodies, universities, academies of sciences and private entities. One of the projects that deals with research in the field of environmental damage removal is the "Environmental Research Center: Waste and Circular Economy and Environmental Safety" (No. SS02030008). A partial goal of the project is the inventory of available innovative solutions for contaminated sites for the needs of the state administration. As part of the solution of the submitted bachelor's thesis, the possibility of obtaining the necessary data from publicly available databases focused on applied research and development was verified. The theoretical part focuses on the general characteristics and protection of underground...
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Ecotoxicity of herbicidal ionic liquids
Müllerová, Tereza ; Cajthaml, Tomáš (advisor) ; Klusoň, Petr (referee)
Herbicidal ionic liquids (HILs) are organic salts with herbicidal properties. Their anions are usually derived from traditional herbicides, and they are paired with cations of a synthetic or natural origin. Because of their hydrophobic nature and lower volatility, HILs are considered an environmentally friendlier alternative to traditional herbicides, which often persist in the environment, contaminate groundwater and are toxic even to non-targeted organisms. Nevertheless, the scientific research on HILs is mainly focused on their effects on plants. In this thesis, the hormonal activity of selected HILs was tested using human cell lines. In addition, the ecotoxic effect of HILs on soil microorganisms was assessed using the analysis of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA). To study the ecotoxic effect, two different types of soil were incubated with HILs in a 28-day experiment. The soils were characterized by a different management approach - the soils were treated or untreated with pesticides in the past. The effect of the content of soil organic matter and clay minerals on how HILs interact with soil microorganisms was evaluated. The residual concentrations of HILs were quantified during the soil experiment to assess the effect of the management approach applied in the past on the degradation rate of...
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Study of sorption of pharmaceuticals and compounds from personal care products to microplastics underfield conditions
Titov, Ivan ; Cajthaml, Tomáš (advisor) ; Innemanová, Petra (referee)
With the development of civilization and the chemical industry, a whole range of new anthropogenic substances is being introduced into the environment. Some of these substances are produced primarily - targeted for a specific purpose (e.g. pesticides and pharmaceuticals) and others are created as a by-product of chemical synthesis or they are degradation products of primary substances. Whether they are low-molecular substances or macromolecules, in addition to their positive effect on mankind, these substances can also retroactively threaten the environment, including humans. The present work deals with interactions between two groups of xenobiotics, which appear to be a huge global problem. As part of this work, the sorption of a wide group of substances belonging to pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) on man-made microplastics from three types of polymers (PVC, HDPE, and PET) in real wastewater was studied. Two different locations were chosen for this experiment - effluents from wastewater treatment plants. Several sampling devices containing different types of microplastics were installed at these sites, including artificially aged alternatives that better reflect the behavior of microplastics found in real conditions. The results of these experiments showed the ability of...
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Advances in applied research in the field of remediation of contaminated soils
Kratochvílová, Petra ; Innemanová, Petra (advisor) ; Cajthaml, Tomáš (referee)
This thesis summarizes information related to the issue of old ecological burdens and contaminated locations, mostly in the Czech Republic. The most common contaminants occurring in soils of the unsaturated zone, sludges and sediments, and available remediaton methods are characterized. Attention is paid to research and development advances in this field. A methodology was developed for collecting data related to applied research and development projects, from the publicly available CEP, RIV and STARFOS databases and results of these projects were compared. It was found that 54 applied research and development projects in the field of remediation of contaminated soils, sludges and sediments were successfully completed in the Czech Republic in 2010-2021 with a total of 2039 results, of which 464 were results of applied research relevant for this study (hereinafter only applied results), which were results of type P (patent), Z (semi-operation/proven technology), F (utility/functional sample), G (prototype/functional sample), H (results reflected in law regulations and standards), N (methodology/specialized map with expert content) and R (software). These projects were supported by the Technology Agency of the Czech Republic, the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, the Ministry of Industry and...
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