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Nutritional Status of Prague Homeless Population
Hrnčířová, Dana ; Anděl, Michal (advisor) ; Derflerová Brázdová, Zuzana (referee) ; Provazníková, Hana (referee) ; Tláskal, Petr (referee)
Socio-economic, health and hygienic characteristics place the homeless people at risk groups. The higher incidence of health problems may have a multi-faceted etiology, including: smoking, alcohol, drugs, poor hygiene, insufficient food intake, poor quality diets etc. The prevalence of chronic diseases and cardiovascular risk factors is generally significantly higher in the homeless population than in the general population. Nutritional status of the homeless is also often compromised; many studies have reported malnutrition and insufficient intake of micronutrients whose daily turnover is enhanced by heavy smoking and alcohol consumption. The objective of our studies was to (a) define in the Prague homeless population the prevalence of protein-energetic malnutrition and (b) describe some of the major cardiovascular risk factors and to make comparisons between this group and the general Czech population, (c) to assess levels of selected vitamins (A, E, C, B1, B2, B6) and trace elements (Zn, Se, Cu) in blood and (d) exposition to Pb and Cd and to compare the results with individuals representing the general Czech population, (e) to assess the nutrient intake of main nutrients and compare it with the daily recommendations.
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Effects of acute starvation and of type 2 diabetes mellitus upon insulin resistance and substrate utilization in obese subjects
Duška, František ; Anděl, Michal (advisor) ; Haluzík, Martin (referee) ; Mourek, Jindřich (referee) ; Stárka, Luboslav (referee)
Very-low calorie diet or even total short-term fasting is widely used in clinical practice in order to improve metabolic compensation of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Although benefits of weight reduction are well proven in T2DM, much less is known about effects of acute starvation, during which the interruption of the afflux of energy substrates is not followed by a major change of body composition. We hypothesize the improvement of insulin effects on glucose metabolism in T2DM as these patients may lack the key metabolic responses which impair insulin sensitivity in lean, non-diabetic subjects. Moreover, we assume according to "thrifty genotype hypothesis" that protein wasting during starvation will be positively related to insulin effects on glucose disposal and negatively related to insulin antilipolytic and antiketogenic effects. In the light of this we designed an observational, prospective, in-hospital study, comparing the effects of 60 hours fast on various aspects of insulin resistance, endocrine regulation and metabolism in 10 patients with T2DM and 10 obese controls without diabetes (OB).
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The influence of central serotoninergic and dopaminergic activity on nutritional and metabolic parameters
Brunerová, Ludmila ; Anděl, Michal (advisor) ; Haluzík, Martin (referee) ; Yamamotová, Anna (referee)
THE INFLUENCE OF CENTRAL SEROTONINERGIC AND DOPAMINERGIC ACTIVITY ON NUTRITIONAL AND METABOLIC PARAMETERS MUDr. Ludmila Brunerová SUMMARY Introduction: Neuromediators dopamine and serotonin play a significant role in homeostatic and hedonic regulation of food intake, may exert direct metabolic effects and particularly serotonin influences affectivity. Their central activity could be quantified by functional tests. Common regulatory mediators of metabolism and affectivity represent an interesting research goal. Aims of study: The first aim was to describe the relationship between central serotoninergic activity measured by citalopram challenge test, affectivity, preference of macronutrients in food and metabolic profile in healthy men. The second aim was to confirm the use of sublingual apomorphine test as a functional test for assessment of central dopaminergic activity. The third aim was to reveal the relationship between central dopaminergic activity measured by sublingual apomorphine test, preference of macronutrients and metabolic profile. Methods: The study was performed on 42 healthy men (average age 43.5 ± 7.4 years and average BMI 27.4 ± 5.7 kg/mš) within 4 days with a week interval in between them. Anthropometric and...
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The incidence of specific islet cell autoantibodies in patients with HNF1A-MODY and HNF4A-MODY
Urbanová, Jana ; Anděl, Michal (advisor) ; Štechová, Kateřina (referee) ; Bém, Robert (referee)
Islet cell autoantibodies are associated with autoimmune insulitis and belong to the diagnostic criteria of Type 1 diabetes mellitus. However, growing evidence suggests that autoantibodies are present in other types of diabetes. Here, we focus on the autoantibody incidence in Czech patients with maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) and analyze their functional relevance in terms of diabetes onset and control. Autoantibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GADA) and protein tyrosine phosphatase islet antigen 2 (IA-2A) were measured in a cohort of 28 Czech patients with MODY (all confirmed by genetic testing). Selected clinical data were correlated to the status and kinetics of autoantibodies. One quarter of patients with MODY examined (7/28; 25%) was positive for GADA or IA-2A. GADA were more prevalent (7/7) than IA-2A (1/7). The incidence of autoantibodies did not correlate with human leukocyte antigen status, nor with particular mutation in MODY genes. The patients who were positive for the autoantibodies developed diabetes later than those who were autoantibody- negative, but had worse glycaemic control. Expression of autoantibodies decreased with any improvement of diabetes compensation. Only one patient did not correspond to the above and displayed signs of combined signs of MODY...
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Factors influencing the metabolism of homocysteine in selected diseases with complex etiopathogenesis
Veselá, Kamila ; Anděl, Michal (advisor) ; Nečas, Emanuel (referee) ; Rušavý, Zdeněk (referee) ; Poledne, Rudolf (referee)
At present, the great medicine to develop molecular genetic techniques, which significantly help to explain the causes of illnesses. In some diseases the genetic basis is well known. These are primarily contingent on monogenic diseases. Unfortunately, many diseases remain the genetic cause is still unknown. The largest group is the so-called complex diseases, where the origin and development of disease involving both genetic and nongenetic factors. These diseases include atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, orofacial clefts, preeclampsia, neural tube defects, and many others. Complex diseases are serious health and social problem in developed countries. Clasification of risk factors is the subject of much attention, because knowledge of these factors offer opportunities for effective prevention and treatment. The aim of my work was to obtain new knowledge of factors affecting homocysteine metabolism with regard to the formation of some complex diseases in the Czech population.
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Effect of selected nutrients on skeletal muscle mitochondrial metabolism
Tůmová, Jana ; Anděl, Michal (advisor) ; Poledne, Rudolf (referee) ; Drahota, Zdeněk (referee)
Skeletal muscle plays an important role in the maintenance of whole-body metabolic homeostasis. Metabolic alterations of skeletal muscle contribute to the pathogenesis of a wide range of human diseases, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes and hypertension. Relative excess and suboptimal composition of nutrients negatively affect skeletal muscle metabolism and a better understanding of mechanisms involved in these changes is of central importance. The aim of the work presented in this thesis was to explore cell viability and mitochondrial respiratory parameters following experimentally induced changes in the availability or composition of selected nutrients (fatty acids and glutamine). We attempted to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for the observed changes, such as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage, or nuclear receptors activation. The studies were performed in vitro on skeletal muscle cell culture models. In addition, we examined mitochondrial function and fat accumulation in skeletal muscle of vegans, i.e. subjects consuming a strict plant-based diet. Using C2C12 skeletal muscle cells we studied the effects of free fatty acids (FFA). We found that relatively low doses of saturated palmitic acid increased hydrogen peroxide production and induced mtDNA damage, mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction...
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Diabetes mellitus and impairment of intestinal barier function
Hoffmanová, Iva ; Anděl, Michal (advisor) ; Haluzík, Martin (referee) ; Keil, Radan (referee)
Introduction: Impairment of intestinal barrier function is involved in pathogenesis of immune mediated diseases (such as type 1 diabetes mellitus or celiac disease) and metabolic diseases (such as type 2 diabetes mellitus). Aims of study: The first aim was to analyze impairment of mucosal part of intestinal barrier in both type of diabetes and to describe differences when compared to celiac disease, which is a typical condition associated with impairment of intestinal barrier function. The second aim was to find a correlation between duration or compensation of diabetes and intestinal barrier desintegration in patients with both type of diabetes, and to find a correlation between body mass index and intestinal barrier desintegration in patients with type 2 diabetes. The third aim was to assess influence of gluten-free diet on improvement of small intestinal mucosal integrity in patient with celiac disease. Methods: The study was performed on 166 individuals including healthy controls and five group of patients with: type 1 diabetes mellitus with fading insulitis (T1D), type 1 diabetes mellitus with ongoing insulitus (T1D/INS), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), untreated celiac disease (CLD), and celiac disease on gluten-free diet (CLD-GFD). We tested the marker of epithelial apoptosis - cytokeratin 18...
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Effect of selected drugs on mitochondrial metabolism in an in vitro model of human skeletal muscle
Krajčová, Adéla ; Anděl, Michal (advisor) ; Kieslichová, Eva (referee) ; Houštěk, Josef (referee)
Introduction: Increasing number of reports reflect that mitochondrial dysfunction can be induced by some of the commonly used drugs and can play a key role in the development of their adverse effects. One of these drugs is a phenol derivative propofol. Propofol is an intravenous, fast and short-acting hypnotic agent, routinely used either for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia during surgery, or for sedation in intensive care units. Propofol infusion syndrome (PRIS) is a rare, but serious adverse effect of the drug with a very high mortality. Typical features of the syndrome include metabolic acidosis, arrhythmias, ECG changes that are similar to those of Brugada syndrome, hypertriglyceridemia, fever, hepatomegaly, rhabdomyolysis, cardiac and/or renal failure. The risk of the syndrome increases with raising dose and duration of propofol administration (˃48 hours). The mechanism of the syndrome is still unknown: pilot studies performed on animal models are suggestive of its mitochondrial origin. In the first part of the study, we performed the analysis of 153 published case reports and all experimental studies related to PRIS. Another aim of the study was to test hypothesis of propofol- induced mitochondrial damage by in vitro exposure of human skeletal muscle-derived cells to a range of...
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Quality of life with scleroderma
Bendlová, Iva ; Tomášková, Anežka (advisor) ; Anděl, Michal (referee)
This bachelor thesis deals with the evaluation of the quality of life with scleroderma, a chronic autoimmune disease. The work is focused on determining the health-related quality of life of patients with localized and systemic scleroderma. The values obtained are then compared with the quality of life of the healthy population and with the health-related quality of life of the patients with selected diseases (psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and breast cancer). The research was conducted in the form of a randomized SF-36 questionnaire, a globally used tool for assessing the quality of life in chronically ill patients, which evaluates 8 areas of life. The results of the SF-36 questionnaire were further evaluated by T-test to determine statistically significant values. This questionnaire was further extended by supplementary questions. The results show that patients with scleroderma do not achieve the same quality of life as a healthy population in all evaluated areas. Patients with scleroderma rate their quality of life worse than all selected diseases (except for patients with localized scleroderma compared to those with systemic lupus erythematosus). Keywords - scleroderma - localized scleroderma (morphea) - systemic scleroderma - quality of life (QoL) - health related...
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