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Measurement and simulation of back-reflected radiation during penetration laser welding
Horník, Petr ; Mrňa, Libor ; Šarbort, Martin ; Šebestová, Hana
The laser welding process is accompanied by a wide range of radiation, both in the visible part of the spectrum and thermal radiation of the weld pool, and last but not least, the laser radiation itself. During penetration laser welding mode, which is often used, the keyhole is created. Most of the laser radiation is absorbed by the multiple reflections inside the keyhole, but a small portion is reflected back and passes through the welding head and the optical fiber. Back-reflected laser radiation is also monitored directly in the laser to protect the resonator and other optical components. The signal is easily accessible and obtained data can be used for monitoring during the welding process. Therefore, we designed experiment in which the relationship between weld dimensions, focal position, and back-reflected laser radiation was investigated. Furthermore, the measurement results were compared with the simulation.
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Silver micro drop structured twice around the earth
Meluzín, Petr ; Tryhuk, V. ; Horáček, Miroslav ; Knápek, Alexandr ; Krátký, Stanislav ; Matějka, Milan ; Kolařík, Vladimír
Planar micro structuring of thin metallic layers allows to achieve required surface properties of metallic layers covering bulk materials. Recently, the arrangement of micro holes or pillars placed around the primary spiral according to a phyllotactic model was presented. This deterministically aperiodic planar arrangement was used for benchmarking purposes of the e-beam writer patterning. This arrangement based on single primary spiral and a variety of derived secondary spirals has several interesting properties. One of them is a very low ratio between the area populated by individual micro elements and the length of the primary phyllotactic spiral. This paper presents analysis of the phyllotactic spiral length and the rising gradient at the spiral outer edge. The practical part of the presented work deals with the patterning of a thin silver layer deposited on the silicon or glass substrates using e-beam pattern generation, lithography techniques and related technologies. An interesting impact of the mentioned spiral properties on the e-beam writing strategies and the exposure ordering strategy are also discussed.
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Strength charactristics of hybrid LasTig welds of thermomechanically processed steel
Šebestová, Hana ; Horník, Petr ; Mrňa, Libor
Thermomechanically processed steels achieve their high strength properties, while maintaining good ductility, thanks to their fine-grained structure assured by micro-alloying and strictly controlled process of rolling. Low heat input welding technologies are advisable. Nevertheless, high temperature gradients accompanying laser welding can lead to the brittle microstructures formation. The cooling rate can be controlled by preheating that we have realized with the heat of electric arc. Hybrid technology combining laser welding with tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding is referred to as LasTIG. The paper presents the effect of electric current that generates arc discharge on tensile strength, toughness, and fatigue life of LasTIG welds of S460MC and S700MC steels.
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Hiding e-beam exposure fields by deterministic 2D pattering
Horáček, Miroslav ; Knápek, Alexandr ; Matějka, Milan ; Krátký, Stanislav ; Urbánek, M. ; Mika, Filip ; Kolařík, Vladimír
The high stability and good current homogeneity in the spot of the e-beam writer is crucial to\nthe exposure quality, particularly in the case of large-area structures when gray-scale\nlithography is used. Even though the deflection field distortion is calibrated regularly and\nbeam focus and beam astigmatism is dynamically corrected over the entire deflection field, we can observe disturbances in the exposed relief.\nRecently, we presented a method that makes use of e–beam exposure imperfection by\nintroducing marginally visible high–frequency diffraction gratings of variable pitch that fill in\nseparate orthogonal exposure fields. The actually presented approach follows up our\nresearch on aperiodic arrangements of optical primitives, especially on the phyllotactic–\nlike arrangement of sub–micron relief optical elements. This approach is extended from the\ndiffraction element arrangement to the higher level of exposure fields arrangements.
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Synergic effects of laser – TIG welding
Kubíček, J. ; Doležal, P. ; Mrňa, Libor ; Šebestová, Hana ; Horník, Petr
Laser welding compared to conventional arc methods is accompanied by rapid cooling rates. It can lead to the formation of undesirable microstructure of the weld metal and heat affected zone of some steel grades which has a negative impact on their mechanical properties. The preheating is quite problematic because of high speed of laser welding. The possibility of preheating by the heat of the arc discharge of the associated TIG burner has been tested. Precise holder has been fabricated to fix the burner to the laser welding head allowing TIG electrode positioning towards the laser beam and the workpiece. A number of high strength steel S460MC and S700MC welding experiments was performed. The effect of TIG current on microstructural changes has been proven. Some welding experiments were compared to the SYSWELD welding simulations.\n
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Properties of hybrid LasTIG welds of of S460MC steel
Šebestová, Hana ; Horník, Petr ; Mrňa, Libor
Modern structural high strength low alloy steels achieve their excellent strength properties through the microalloying and carefully controlled process of hot rolling. Welding technologies with low heat input are advisable to maintain fine-grained structure of these steels and to minimize heat distortions. Laser beam is a source of highly concentrated energy and thus very narrow heat affected zone is reached during laser welding. Unfortunately, undesirable quenching microstructures can be generated thanks to high heating and cooling rates in both weld metal and heat affected zone. Their amount can be reduced through the temperature rate decrease realized using preheating. Technology of LasTIG hybrid welding combines laser welding with the preheating by an electric arc. The contribution evaluates the effect of electric current on LasTIG weld macro and microstructure and microhardness.
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Deterministic Aperiodic Image Device
Horáček, Miroslav ; Meluzín, Petr ; Krátký, Stanislav ; Knápek, Alexandr ; Mika, Filip ; Chlumská, Jana ; Matějka, František ; Král, Stanislav ; Brunn, Ondřej ; Giričová, D. ; Kopal, Jaroslav ; Kolařík, Vladimír
The paper deals with the analysis, design and preparation of a diffractive optically variable imaging device consisting of a deterministic aperiodic mesh formed by basic optical elements. The theoretical basis is complemented by numerical analysis and presentation of the implemented master and its replicas.
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Hybrid welding of high-strength steels
Horník, Petr ; Šebestová, Hana ; Mrňa, Libor
High-strength steels represent a significant group of materials in the field of automobile construction, agricultural and construction machinery, mining conveyors or bridge construction. The excellent strength characteristics is achieved due to the very fine-grained structure ensured by microalloying and the controlled rolling process. In order to preserve the fine-grained structure and hence the required properties and minimize thermal distortions, it is advisable to use welding technologies that do not bring excessive heat to the material. At the same time, however, it is advisable to avoid large temperature gradients that support the formation of fragile microstructures. Therefore, an electric arc preheating is placed before the laser beam and its influence on the weld geometry and the heat-affected area is evaluated.\n
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