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HYDROGEN SORPTION IN ORDERED Mg-In ALLOYS
Čermák, Jiří ; Král, Lubomír ; Roupcová, Pavla
Hydrogen storage (HS) performance of three Mg- x In- y CB alloys (CB - amorphous carbon, x = 55, 64, 73 y =\n10 wt%) was studied. Indium concentration covered an area of ordered β structures. Alloys were prepared by\nball-milling in hydrogen atmosphere. Kinetic curves and PCT isotherms were measured in the temperature\ninterval from 200 °C to 325 °C. X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD) was used for structure investigation. Alloy\nwith x = 73 wt% In ( β ’’ structure) showed reversible amorphization during temperature cycling between about\n100 °C and 350 °C. Hydrogen sorption experiments were done by the Sieverts method under the hydrogen\ngas pressure ranging from 0.1 MPa to 2.5 MPa. It was found that hydrogen sorption capacity varied between\n0.47 and 1.1 wt% H 2 . Hydride formation enthalpy ∆H calculated from desorption PCT experiments was\nsignificantly lower than ∆H , known for pure Mg. This invoked an idea that atomic order of Mg-based HS\nmaterials might decrease the high thermodynamic stability of hydride phase.
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MICROSTRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF FINE PARTICLES RELEASED BY CAR BRAKING
Švábenská, Eva ; Roupcová, Pavla ; Pizúrová, Naděžda ; Schneeweiss, Oldřich
Vehicular traffic is connected with large volume of fine particles released during brake processes of cars. Our research is focused on the phase, structure and chemical analysis of the fine particles taken from some car brake parts by their services. The information on structure and phase composition was obtained by X-Ray Powder Diffraction, Mossbauer Spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy with EDX and transmission electron microscopy. The results of the wear debris analysis are compared with original brake materials components. Most of recognized particles are based mainly on iron oxides. Wear brake particles are discussed in the relation to the potential risk to the environment and human health.
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MICROSTRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF FINE PARTICLES RELEASED BY CAR BRAKING
Švábenská, Eva ; Roupcová, Pavla ; Pizúrová, Naděžda ; Schneeweiss, Oldřich
Vehicular traffic is connected with large volume of fine particles released during brake processes of cars. Our research is focused on the phase, structure and chemical analysis of the fine particles taken from some car brake parts by their services. The information on structure and phase composition was obtained by X-Ray Powder Diffraction, Mossbauer Spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy with EDX and transmission electron microscopy. The results of the wear debris analysis are compared with original brake materials components. Most of recognized particles are based mainly on iron oxides. Wear brake particles are discussed in the relation to the potential risk to the environment and human health.
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Quantum-mechanical study of tensorial elastic and high-temperature thermodynamic properties of grain boundary states in superalloy-phase Ni3Al
Friák, Martin ; Všianská, Monika ; Holec, D. ; Šob, Mojmír
Grain boundaries (GBs), the most important defects in solids and their properties are crucial for many materials properties including (in-)stability. Quantum-mechanical methods can reliably compute properties of GBs and we use them to analyze (tensorial) anisotropic elastic properties of interface states associated with GBs in one of the most important intermetallic compounds for industrial applications, Ni3Al. Selecting the Sigma 5(210) GBs as a case study because of its significant extra volume, we address the mechanical stability of the GB interface states by checking elasticity-based Born stability criteria. One critically important elastic constant, C 55, is found nearly three times smaller at the GB compared with the bulk, contributing thus to the reduction of the mechanical stability of Ni3Al polycrystals. Next, comparing properties of Sigma 5(210) GB state which is fully relaxed with those of a Sigma 5(210) GB state when the supercell dimensions are kept equal to those in the bulk we conclude that lateral relaxations have only marginal impact on the studied properties. Having the complete elastic tensor of Sigma 5(210) GB states we combine Green's-function based homogenization techniques and an approximative approach to the Debye model to compare thermodynamic properties of a perfect Ni3Al bulk and the Sigma 5(210) GB states. In particular, significant reduction of the melting temperature (to 79-81% of the bulk value) is predicted for nanometer-size grains.
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Influence of Extension of Load Spectrum on Estimation of Residual\nFatigue Lifetime of Railway Axle
Pokorný, Pavel ; Hutař, Pavel ; Náhlík, Luboš
Railway axles are subjected to cyclic amplitude loading which can lead to fatigue failure.\nFor safe operation of railway axles a damage tolerance approach taking into account a possible\ndefect in railway axle is often required. Because of different operation regimes of trains (fast/slow\nride, ride on straight track, on curved track, over switches etc.) the load amplitude of axle is not\nconstant. The variability of load is defined by a load spectrum, which is determined experimentally\nby measuring of load in service conditions. Even though the load spectrum is measured on several\nhundreds or thousands of operation kilometres, the railway axles are in operation much longer time\n(often tens of years). Therefore, some load amplitudes higher than ones measured in the test can\noccur during a long-term axle service. The contribution presented deals with the effect of extension\nof load spectrum by rare high load amplitudes, which can occur during long-term operation, on\nresidual fatigue lifetime of railway axles.
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Crack initiation in austenitic stainless steel sanicro 25 subjected to thermomechanical fatigue
Petráš, Roman ; Škorík, Viktor ; Polák, Jaroslav
Thermomechanical fatigue experiments were performed with austenitic stainless Sanicro 25 steel. Several amplitudes of mechanical strain in a wide temperature interval (250-700 °C) were applied to the specimens. Mechanical response was recorded and fatigue lives were obtained. Scanning electron microscopy combined with FIB technique was used to study the mechanism of crack initiation in in-phase and in out-of-phase thermomechanical cycling. Different mechanisms of the crack initiation were found in these two types of loading. During in-phase loading fatigue cracks start in grain boundaries by cracking of the oxide. Cracks grew preferentially along grain boundaries which resulted in rapid crack initiation and low fatigue life. In out-of-phase loading multiple cracks perpendicular to the stress axis developed only after sufficiently thick oxide layer was formed and cracked in low temperature loading half-cycle. The cracks in oxide allowed localized repeated oxidation and finally also cracking. The cracks grow transgranularly and result in longer fatigue life.
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Multi-parameter based stress distribution in vicinity of sharp material inclusion tip
Krepl, Ondřej ; Klusák, Jan
General Singular Stress Concentrators (GSSCs) which exhibit singular stress concentration are often responsible for crack initiation and thus failure of the component. The GSSC of the type of bonded bi-material junction occurs in a variety of technical applications including but not limited to sharp material inclusions, silicate based composites and electronic components. The GSSC cannot be assessed by means of standard fracture mechanics. Approaches of generalized fracture mechanics require precise description of stress distribution near the stress concentration points. In order to determine the stress field accurately, the paper incorporates the multi-parameter based description.
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Nanoscale phases on surface Fe-6Si magnetic sheets
Švábenská, Eva ; Roupcová, Pavla ; Král, Lubomír ; Bulín, Tomáš ; Vondráček, Martin ; Foldyna, Josef ; Čechal, J. ; Schneeweiss, Oldřich
Analysis of the nanoscale phases which appear on the surface Fe-6Si samples were carried out after the various treatments – grinding and etching, annealing, and water jet abrasion. The basic information on structure, chemical and phase composition was obtained by X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy with EDX, Glow Discharge Optical Emission Spectrometry (GDOES), Mössbauer Spectroscopy and X-ray Photoelectron Spectrometry (XPS). The results show high stability of the surface phase composition after the mechanical and heat treatments. Results obtained from the surface analysis in micrometer depth (XRD, EDX, GDOES) do not show any changes after the different treatments. Iron oxides were detected in XPS and conversion electron Mössbauer spectra (CEMS) which analyze the surface composition in a nanometer scale. In addition to, fine changes in atomic ordering on the surface can be observed after mechanical and heat treatments in the CEMS spectra.
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HYDROGENATION OF CHOSEN MgMXN INTERMETALLICS (X=Al, Ga, In, Si, Sn)
Čermák, Jiří ; Král, Lubomír ; Roupcová, Pavla
Hydrogen sorption in chosen intermetallics MgmXn (Mg17Al12 , Mg2Ga, mixture of beta-Mg-In phases, Mg2Si and Mg2Sn) formed by magnesium and elements from the 13 th (X: Al, Ga, In) and 14 th (X: Si, Sn) groups was studied between the room temperature and T = 350 °C. Hydrogen pressure p varied from 10-3 MPa to 6 MPa.\nHydrogen solubility in alpha phase (solid solution of hydrogen in MgmXn before the hydride phase was nucleated) was close to hydrogen solubility in pure Mg. Concentration cH of hydrogen solved in Mg m X n depended linearly on pressure p , dependence of cH on temperature T was relatively weak. MgH2 was the main hydrogen storage phase in all the compounds MgmXn . Nucleation of MgH2 at 350 °C was observed at pressure above approximately 1 MPa in Mg17Al12 and above 2 Ma in other compounds. Maximum values of c H in hydride-containing compounds MgmXn detected at T = 350 °C depended on the stability of MgmXn .
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