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The influence of accounting profession on development of accounting in the Czech Republic
Polachová, Kateřina ; Skálová, Jana (advisor) ; Žárová, Marcela (referee)
This thesis deals with accounting profession, its association in individual professional organizations and with its mutual cooperation. Mutual cooperation of professional organizations together with representative of academics environment has to resulted in independent professional organization The Czech National Accounting Board (NAB). Also thesis deals with influence of NAB´s interpretations on Czech accounting legislation. Especially its focused on interpretations which have impact on amendment of Decree for entrepreneur and on amendment of accounting act. Thesis examines interpretations which arise from accounting law amendment. At last but, not least is portion of this thesis devoted to survey which examines awareness about NAB, interpretations among main accountants and top management of accounting units and their usage in practice.
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Ethical responsibility of auditors, tax advisors and accountants
Daňková, Pavlína ; Dvořák, Martin (advisor) ; Žárová, Marcela (referee)
The Bachelor thesis deals with the issues of etiquette and professional responsibility of auditors, tax consultants and accountants. The main sources are especially valid legislative regulations and ethical codes stipulated for these professions. The goal of the thesis is to make comparison of these related professions from the view of legislation, ethical requirements and possibilities of prevention from violating professional responsibility. It also focuses on the extent of individual professions´ responsibilities towards both clients and institutions associating these specialists. The thesis concentrates on the role of these institutions with respect to supervision of the ethical and other rules. I treated these issues by processing and subsequent application of expert information. The thesis is concluded by summary and proposal of measures leading to the improvement of current situation and to the preservation of the status of the mentioned professions in the society.
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Vliv IFRS na kvalitu účetního výkaznictví
Miková, Tereza ; Žárová, Marcela (advisor) ; Mejzlík, Ladislav (referee) ; Tumpach, Miloš (referee)
Dissertation interfaces two current accounting issues: International Financial Reporting Standards and financial reporting quality. Theoretical framework begins with historical development and contemporary position of IFRS. It is followed by financial accounting quality where overview of methods is used for assessment of accounting quality. The literature underpinning represents the final part of theoretical part. Dissertation examines publicly traded Czech companies on Prague stock exchange and together their financial statements are presented under Czech accounting standards and later on switched on International Financial Reporting Standards. Final sample consists of 15 companies (222 firm-year observations) during period 1993-2013. World accepted models were adjusted before its application to be more convenient for Czech environment. Research results show that there are only limited improvements in financial reporting quality in IFRS period, only some companies are models applicable and therefore law and professional environment play significant role within quantitative methods.
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Process of IFRS development, endorsement and enforcement
Valášková, Mariana ; Mejzlík, Ladislav (advisor) ; Žárová, Marcela (referee) ; Tumpach, Miloš (referee)
The doctoral thesis examines process of IFRS development, endorsement and enforcement from the perspective of accounting regulation on global scale, identifies nature of IFRS due process in all its phases and compares IFRS due process with accounting regulation in Czech Republic, especially with legislative process of creating Czech accounting legislation. The due process of any accounting rules, whether standards or legislation, determines quality of these rules and consequently also potential level quality of financial statements prepared in accordance with such rules. Process of IFRS development and endorsement is to guarantee quality of standards that are the output of such a process. For global accounting harmonization, which requires transparent, reliable and comparable information in financial reporting across countries of the world, the IFRS due process is essential. The whole process of IFRS development, endorsement and enforcement, which develops IFRS as global accounting standards, also is connected with several obstacles associated to political and social aspects as well as to cultural differentiation. In the thesis the legal systems, as determinants of the nature of accounting regulation, are used for analysis and identification of possible natures of accounting regulation from global perspective. For global accounting regulation it is necessary its acceptance by major interested parties, specification of the range of entities for which it is meaningful and desirable, establishment of an independent, reliable and respected international professional organization in the role of standard-setter and development of a sophisticated, transparent and comprehensive standard setting process. Besides the thorough analysis of particular phases of IFRS due process, the thesis also maps current acceptance of IFRS in the world and describes endorsement process in Europe Union applied for the adoption of IFRS within its area, what provides an integrated view of current evolution in global accounting harmonization. Global accounting regulation, which requires the adoption and application of IFRS in their original range, still faces many obstacles. Less than half countries of G20 (ie 9 countries) requires the use of IFRS in their original form for listed companies. Problem with such acceptance of IFRS especially have the countries with tradition based on Roman law (continental European legal culture), where the creation of rules is exclusive subject to state. Quantitative analysis of IFRS due process performed on three selected projects of IASB agenda is a core of application part of the thesis. On the basis on the timeline the analysis follows particular steps of IFRS due process, especially from the perspective of particular comment periods quantified through the comments received, not only in number but also the composition of comments by geographical region and respondent type. The analysis showed the due process as complicated and time-consuming process leading to global consensus of opinions and also showed the importance of compliance of its complexity, which leads to general agreement on adopted solutions and to global acceptance of these solutions by all of the interested parties. The analysis of IASB due process leads into its comparison with legislative process of creating accounting legislation in Czech Republic. The comparison of both of the processes enables to identify the weaknesses of Czech due process and provides specific recommendations for its improvement and increase efficiency. From the perspective of nature of accounting regulation the delegation of creating accounting rules from the state to the accounting profession is important especially to strengthen the quality, understanding and acceptance of accounting rules, which can be effectively ensured through the due process different from that legislative. The IFRS due process is an inspiration in this case.
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Neúčetní aspekty implementace IFRS v USA
Roe, Jana ; Mejzlík, Ladislav (advisor) ; Žárová, Marcela (referee) ; Tumpach, Miloš (referee)
In the last 20 years, IASB IFRS has been promoted as the IFRS has been adopted by many major economies as for financial reporting and is poised to become even more widely accepted and used in the near future, with the main objective of unifying world financial reporting by making statements more comparable. The second key player in the field of financial reporting is US GAAP, used by American publicly traded companies, accounting roughly for approximately one-third of the world's capitalization. Although many countries, in concluding members of the EU, have accepted IFRS without significant changes to their existing financial reporting standards or their infrastructure, SEC in the USA has lead a long process of convergence with IFRS from the technical side and also the regulators and general environment has been preparing for the change, with the aim of ensuring smooth and successful transition, resulting in a higher quality of IFRS adoption. The main problem, which leads to the research presented in this dissertation is whether to approach international accounting harmonization from the top-down or bottom-up. The main objective of the dissertation is was to contribute to the analysis of the significance of the impact of non-accounting (environmental) factors on financial reporting quality, specifically the adoption of IFRS. The dissertation accomplishes the main goal by utilizing the survey method of analysis to accumulate research to date, analyze available evaluation methods and to describe the control environment, USA. The second stage of the analysis involves constructing a comprehensive evaluation model, which enables a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between environment and financial reporting. The model developed in the dissertation is intended for use by researchers for a comprehensive, inter-disciplinary, empirical study of the environmental effects on financial reporting.
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National Accounting Council and its Interpretation
Polachová, Kateřina ; Skálová, Jana (advisor) ; Žárová, Marcela (referee)
This work deals with association National Accounting Council (NAC) and its interpretations. Work is focused on members of NAC and their competences, activities of NAC and the related issuing non-binding opinions in the form of expert interpretations pertaining to various problematic areas of accounting. It also focuses on an implementation of ideas contained in the interpretations to Czech accounting regulations. And last but not least, the work contains a questionnaire, which looks into knowledge and awareness of students of two universities of NAC. Specifically, knowledge of students from University of Economics in Prague, Faculty of Finance and Accounting, which is part of the NAC, and students from VŠB-TUO Faculty of Economics, which is not part of it.
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Tangible fixed assets in the Austrian accounting legislation
Ješutová, Tereza ; Skálová, Jana (advisor) ; Žárová, Marcela (referee)
The Bachelor's Thesis "Tangible fixed assets in the Austrian accounting legislation "consists of a theoretical part where the basic terms like tangible fixed assets, the valuation and depreciation are explained. There is also described accounting regulation with emphasis on tangible fixed assets in the Austrian accounting. In the practical part there are analyzed some annual reports especially differences between methods of valuation, depreciation and manners of reporting. The aim of the thesis is to describe tangible fixed assets in the Austrian accounting legislation and to compare the valuation and depreciation methods with Czech accounting legislation. The conclusion contains a summary and a brief assessment of the information gathered on the topic.
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The transitionof sole proprietors from tax records to double-entry bookkeeping and conversely in the Czech Republic and Slovakia
Larionová, Alena ; Svitlík, Jan (advisor) ; Žárová, Marcela (referee)
Bachelor thesis "The transition of sole proprietors from tax records to double-entry bookkeeping and conversely in the Czech Republic and Slovakia" deals with the procedure for the transition from tax records to double-entry bookkeeping. It describes the reasons for the mandatory transition and the necessary adjustments to the tax base associated with it. The theoretical knowledge is applied to a specific example. The work characterizes the basic terms and also, a structured overview of the possibilities of income and expenditure record keeping of sole proprietors in Czech Republic and differences between them. It also suggests the possibilities of income and expenditure records keeping in Slovakia
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The Profession of Accountants, Auditors and Tax Advisors in the Netherlands
Štěpánková, Zuzana ; Skálová, Jana (advisor) ; Žárová, Marcela (referee)
Abstract This bachelor thesis deals with professional associations of accountants, auditors and tax advisors in the Netherlands. The goal of this thesis is present professional associations in the Nederlands, their work and membership requirements. The beginning of this thesis is focused on the role of these associations in society, their effect on the quality of education and regulation in field of accounting, taxes and auditing. The other part contains some basic information about the regulation of accounting in the Netherlands and about the institute which is in charge of it. The crucial part of this thesis is a chapter, which is devoted to the professional associations -- specifically the Institute of Chartered Accountants (NBA) and the Dutch Association of Tax Advisors. The history of these associations, their objectives and membership requirements are described in this chapter. The closing part of this thesis deals with cooperation with other Dutch and international institutes and organizations, for example The Association of Registered Controllers and the Netherlands Authority for Financial Markets.
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The EU accounting regulation
Koblasová, Zuzana ; Skálová, Jana (advisor) ; Žárová, Marcela (referee)
The aim of this thesis is to give an overview of major changes in this new Directive 2013/34 of the European Parliament EU. First, we focus on a general interpretation of accounting regulation, its objectives and general characteristics of users, who are involved in the regulation and also there are mentioned types of accounting systems. Then we deal with the directive, changes in directives that are modified or cancelled as well as its transposition, which is entirely included in one chapter. The work also includes the Accounting Act and the comments of experts, especially Association of Chartered Certified Accountants, who are interested in the Directive.
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