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Epoché as a guideline to (inter)subjectivity. On the extent of Husserl's methodological influence on Levinas and Sartre
Matoušek, Josef ; Zika, Richard (advisor) ; De Santis, Daniele (referee) ; Švec, Ondřej (referee)
This doctoral thesis address two of the most prominent figures of 20th century continental philosophy in Emmanuel Levinas and Jean-Paul Sartre. Because the idea to critically compare them has indeed been realized before, and the available literature pertaining to this topic is already substantial, I selected a specific reduction of the comparison's scope. The means of this reduction was anchored in Kris Sealey's Moments of Disruption: Levinas, Sartre, and the Question of Transcendence, book from 2013 that brings into central focus their notions of transcendence. While building on her insights in many ways, I set my goal as to highlight the methodological aspects of their work, which I - in its overlapping - attribute in large part to their Husserlian influence. The lineage of arguments I explore begins from cogito and its methodological connotations (phenomenological reduction) to the nature of intentional consciousness developed by Levinas and Sartre, to finally their constitution of subjectivity and phenomenal description of the intersubjective encounter. Keywords: epoché; phenomenology; intersubjectivity; Edmund Husserl; Levinas and Sartre; Kris Sealey
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Smart houses, smart cities
ŠVEC, Ondřej
The diploma thesis is focused on the concept of smart houses and smart cities. The aim of the work is to find out the actual use of new technologies in selected buildings and to recommend other suitable solutions for the near future. The output of the thesis is own strategy for Smart City České Budějovice.
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Philosophy and Depression
Vodička, Marek ; De Santis, Daniele (advisor) ; Švec, Ondřej (referee)
The aim of this thesis is to present the effect of depression on experience and its transformation during a depressed state. To achieve this goal, I will look at the structure of experience as we experience it in a normal state. Husserl will give us the answer to the basic structure of experience through his concept of horizon and at the same time through his phenomenological reduction, which prompts us to reflect on this structure. Once the foundation of this structure is laid, I will introduce concept of existential feelings bases on the work of Matthew Ratcliffe, thanks to which we will be able to focus on the very transformation of experience during a depressed state. When we understand how the structure of the experience changes, we will be able to also focus on certain symptoms that are a part of the experience of depression and show what has changed from the original experience. This thesis is divided into four parts. The first chapter aims to introduce depression itself and the reason why it is desirable to use a phenomenological approach, and why can be very helpful for current approaches to depression. At the same time, I will put forward phenomenological reduction and the phenomenological stance derived from it, which will show us the way, where and how to proceed. In the second part, we...
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Love is not a cold buffet
Martinovská, Tereza ; Švec, Ondřej (advisor) ; Jirsa, Jakub (referee)
One of the speakers of Plato's dialogue Symposium is a comic playwright Aristophanes, who joins the other speakers in praising Eros and tells a myth about the origin of love. He says that originally four-legged and four-armed humans were cut into two parts by infuriated Zeus, and since then they roam the world, until they find their lost half and unite with her in sexual act. Aristophanes formulates his account of love as a desire to merge with one's other half. This bachelor thesis deals with two modern philosophical interpretations of Aristophanes' myth, written by Emmanuel Lévinas and Robert Solomon. Whereas Lévinas criticises Aristophanes' myth as an egoistic and incestuous form of love, in which a person looks only for herself and forgets the infinite otherness of the Other, Solomon interprets the myth about love as merging of two halves positively, as a form of love that is conditioned by equality of its partners and that does not omit the importance of corporeality. The account of both authors opens many interesting questions. Lévinas' critique and his subsequent positive formulation of an asymmetrical erotic relationship allows him to maintain the alterity of the Other, however this alterity is based on sexual difference and formulated in a language that consists of extensively...
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Beyond Psychology: Nietzsche and the Metaphysics of Agency
Váňa, Filip ; Matějčková, Tereza (advisor) ; Švec, Ondřej (referee)
In this work I attempt a reconstruction of what I take to be the very foundations of Nietzsche's philosophical project - his account of what it means to be an agent (i.e. his "psychology"). Yet, my main purpose is far from mere exegesis. On the contrary, by actively thinking through what Nietzsche gives us, I aim to develop a coherent account of the fundamental "logic" of agency as such. That is, of what it could mean to be an agent, understood as a functionally distinct kind of being. In doing so, I proceed in a number of steps. First, I situate Nietzsche's project in the historical context and say a few words about what he has to offer us. Next, I consider Nietzsche's approach to how we should think about the soul (and psychology itself) and attempt to clarify some other key psychological concepts. With these in hand, I develop a formal concept of an organism and connect it to Nietzsche's notorious notion of the "will to power" - which concludes the first part of the work. In Part Two, the "psychological" account worked out in Part One meets ethics. Here I begin by examining Nietzsche's (internalist) theory of motivation, itself derived from the concept of life, and scrutinize his attempted deconstruction of the "selfish/selfless" dichotomy - the foundation of Nietzsche's "moral psychology" and...
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The birth of cinematography and it's influence on philosophical notion of time
Renotière, Gina Agatha ; Petříček, Miroslav (advisor) ; Švec, Ondřej (referee)
Annotation: Time has always been one of the most important topics in philosophy. Philosophers all around the world were coming up with new definitions of time since the antiquity. Is it a movement? An extension of our very soul? Or a bergsonian durée? The invention of cinematography shook all these definitions to the ground. Film presents situations that seem to be going on in another world, in which the characters are able to jump from present to past - the events of several centuries can happen in a matter of minutes - and time seems to submit to no rules whatsoever. But is that truly so? My goal in this thesis is to look deeper into how philosophy grasps the concept of cinematographic time and how its view on cinematographic time differs from its view on time itself. I will base my research on the works of Henri Bergson, Gilles Deleuze, and Mary Ann Doane. Key words: Time, Philosophy of film, Cinematography, Cinematographic time, Durée, Crystal of Time, Division of time
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Language and Institiution
Kučerová, Barbora ; Pokorný, Martin (advisor) ; Švec, Ondřej (referee)
(in English): The aim of this thesis is to clarify the normative character of language, that is, how we are bound by a certain set of rules in every speech. We will look into this normative character of language by articulating two essential questions: in what is this normativity grounded and which aspects constitute language as an institution. In the first part of the paper we interpret the work of three authors, Ferdinand de Saussure, Charles S. Peirce and Pierre Bourdieu, in order to answer the question on what the normative character of language is founded. In this part we mainly look into the relationship between language and social consensus, habit/acting and institutions. In the second part of the paper we give a definition of language institution which is inspired by the work of Peirce and Bourdieu. Further on we clarify in systematic way those aspects of language which can be considered as normative. Firstly, we point out those which are clearly part of language, such as lexicon, pronunciation and intonation, official language and institution symbolized by language. The last aspects that we will analyse are speech genres, belief, habit/acting and power.
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Does consciousness exhaust the nature of thought? The meaning of Descartes's term "cogitare"
Sedláková, Jana ; Palkoska, Jan (advisor) ; Švec, Ondřej (referee)
The aim of this thesis is to deal with the problems which arise from interpretations of Descartes' term "cogitare". It concentrates on the deconstruction of the orthodox interpretations which explain the term "cogitare" as "to be conscious". The thesis aims at introducing three alternative interpretations from Czech academic environment, the one of James Hill, of Petr Glombíček, and of Tomáš Marvan. I would like to refer to the problems of orthodox reading as well as to benefits and losses of the other interpretations. I will proceed through analysis of sensory perceptions, emotions and dream. The purpose of the thesis is not to find the definite meaning of "cogitare", but to make the readers familiar with these problems and their interpretations which I find more plausible than the orthodox interpretation. The term "consciousness" is a complex term which needs to be explained in order to be capable of explaining other philosophical problems. Keywords: Descartes, thinking, consciousness, sensory perceptions, emotions, dream, self-reflection, judgment, propositional content
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The Relationship of Hedonism and Humanism
Jerman, Ondřej ; Jirsa, Jakub (advisor) ; Švec, Ondřej (referee)
The diploma thesis discusses the relationship between humanism and hedonism. However, its main objective is not to explain the terms in their summarized historical relatedness but to point out their internal coherence. The fundamental issue the thesis deals with is the fact that sentient beings suffer from sorrow. Enumerating the reasons why it is important to search for a solution would be a waste of our reader's time. It is necessary to understand that we don't expect empirical science to solve the problem since - despite the enthusiasm significant for this modern period - has not introduced any relief from sorrow. Here comes the opportunity for philosophy and, eventually, ethics. In its first part the thesis maps out the context of humanism and hedonism, studies their apparent as well as hidden nature, and lays the conceivable foundations of humanistic hedonism. The following section suggests a set of particular steps. Adhering to these instructions makes it possible to experience delight and to eliminate sorrow.
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Husserl's phenomenology of attention
Grimmich, Šimon ; Čapek, Jakub (advisor) ; Švec, Ondřej (referee)
(in English): The diploma work Husserl's phenomenology of attention systematically presents Husserl's conception of attention. The first part deals with the presentation of Husserl's static phenomenology of attention, taking into account in particular of Logical Investigations and Ideas I. The second part is devoted to genetic phenomenology of attention, which is reconstructed mainly upon Experience and Judgment and Analyses Concerning Passive and Active Synthesis. In it's conclusion the work offers other possible perspectives of investigation of the phenomenon of attention from the phenomenological positions.
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