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Microstructure modifications of Al-Si-coated press-hardened steel 22MnB5 by laser welding
Šebestová, Hana ; Horník, Petr ; Mika, Filip ; Mikmeková, Šárka ; Ambrož, Ondřej ; Mrňa, Libor
Weld microstructure depends on the characteristics of welded materials and parameters of welding technology, especially on the heat input that determines the peak temperature and the cooling rate. When the coated sheets are welded, the effect of the chemical composition of the coating must be also considered even though its thickness is only a few tens of microns. During 22MnB5+AlSi laser welding experiments, the ferrite-stabilizing elements of coating modified the weld metal microstructure. Ferrite appeared in a quenched weld metal. The rapid cooling rate accompanying welding with a focused beam limited the homogenization of the weld metal which resulted in the formation of ferritic bands in the regions rich in Si and especially in Al. On the other hand, a high level of homogenization was reached when welding with the defocused beam. The ferritic islands uniformly distributed in the weld metal were formed at 0.4 wt% and 1.6 wt% of Si and Al, respectively. The doubled heat input reduced the Al content to 0.7 wt% insufficient for the ferrite formation at still relatively high cooling rates. Predicting the distribution of ferrite in the weld metal is challenging due to its dependence on various factors, such as cooling rate and the volume of dissolved coating, which may vary with any modifications made to the welding parameters.
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Research of the dynamics of the laser welding process
Horník, Petr ; Mendřický, Radomír (referee) ; Šebestová, Hana (referee) ; Mrňa,, Libor (advisor)
Laser welding is a modern welding method that has been widely adopted by the industry. With the increasing demands on weld quality, automated welding is being applied with advantage. There are requirements to implement welding process monitoring in accordance with the concept of Industry 4.0. This thesis develops methods for laser welding process monitoring. The resulting weld quality is largely influenced by the behaviour of the vapour-gas channel called the keyhole generated by the laser beam. However, direct observation of the keyhole during the welding process is difficult and indirect methods are often chosen, with an emphasis on non-contact optical methods. First, the observation of the plasma plume using a photodiode is verified, and then an innovative approach of detecting the back-reflected laser radiation using a camera is proposed. An optical extension for monitoring the welding process coaxially at the laser wavelength is assembled for this purpose. The aim of this thesis is to summarize the possibilities of detecting the welding process status and to propose a variant acceptable for industrial application. The image data obtained during the process represent the intensity distribution of the back-reflected laser radiation. Descriptive statistics and image segmentation methods are used to extract features from the intensity distribution. The distribution of back-reflected laser radiation is related to process parameters, keyhole geometry and some weld defects.
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Processing of glass by ultrashort pulses
Novotný, Jan ; Mrňa, Libor ; Horník, Petr ; Šebestová, Hana
Use of ultrafast laser pulses for processing of glass materials is promising method for cutting, drilling and manufacturing of free form shapes. No material damage is observed due to nearly zero heat affected zone. Cutting of opticaly coated substrates withou damage to the layers is also possible. Thanks to precision beam positioning system it is possible to manufacture free form shapes for optical (microelents) or microfluidic use. Optical element's surfaces are finished to desired quality by other technologies.
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Laser welding with beam oscillation
Šebestová, Hana ; Horník, Petr ; Novotný, Jan ; Mrňa, Libor
Laser welding with beam oscillation (wobbling) usually leads to the reduction of penetration depth caused by transition from keyhole to conduction mode welding. Based on the distribution of power density in transversal direction (within the oscillation diameter), the approximate shape of weld cross-section can be predicted without the need to calculate heat conduction in the material. Deep penetration can also be achieved when a suitable combination of oscillation mode and its parameters is applied.
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Welding of Al-Si coated high-strength steel 22MnB5
Šebestová, Hana ; Horník, Petr ; Mikmeková, Šárka ; Novotný, Jan ; Mrňa, Libor
Al-Si-based coatings are widely used as surface protection of steel sheets against high-temperature oxidation during the hot stamping process. Laser welding is a suitable technology for hardened components joining because it does not produce a wide heat-affected zone with a degraded microstructure. The highly concentrated energy of the laser beam is responsible for rapid heating and subsequent rapid cooling of material which results in insufficient homogenization of the weld metal. In Al-rich areas (Al originates from the coating), ferritic bands are formed in the dominantly martensitic matrix. These bands decrease the strength of laser weld by more than one third compared to the base metal. The low-power electric arc placed immediately behind the laser beam can help to achieve a slower cooling of the weld metal, reduce the ferritic bands and increase the strength of weld joints up to 90 % of base metal tensile strength.
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Spatial distribution of backreflecteded laser radiation during laser welding
Horník, Petr ; Mrňa, Libor ; Šebestová, Hana ; Novotný, Jan
Laser sources commonly used in industry are usually equipped with a backscattered detector, which prevents potentially dangerous situations from turning off the laser in the event of too much backscatter. However, the laser radiation is never completely absorbed by the material and to some extent is always reflected in the laser welding. This detector can also be used to monitor the welding process. The output is the intensity value returned by the optical fiber. To better understand which parts of the process contribute most to the backscatter value, an optical assembly with a camera scanning the wavelength of the process laser was designed.
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Use of the Laser-TIG hybrid method in the automotive industry
Mrňa, Libor ; Šebestová, Hana ; Horník, Petr ; Antes, J. ; Kutil, P. ; Křápek, L. ; Iván, L.
High demands are placed on the joining of body parts in terms of strength and consistent quality. Simultaneously, production time minimizing is required. In addition to the most common spot resistance welding, laser welding is often used. This provides high welding speed as well as good strength. Of course, there is a general desire to increase the overall strength of the body-in-white while reducing production costs, which are conflicting requirements. The only way forward is to use modern steel materials (HSLA steels, DP steels, etc.) and to use new, more advanced joining technologies. The paper presents possibilities of hybrid Laser-TIG welding technology.
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