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The genetic basis of Czech garlic "paličák" (A. sativum L. ssp. ophioscorodon) focusing on the biosynthetic pathways of the secondary metabolites
Čermák, Vladimír ; Ovesná, Jaroslava (advisor) ; Demnerová, Kateřina (referee)
Czech bolting garlic (Allium sativum L.) is the name for Czech varieties, which are categorized into subspecies sativum ssp. An inflorescence production and specific onion morphology is typical for this type of garlic. The genetic basis, that has been described by the analysis of microsatellites, are discussed in this thesis. Transcription analysis has revealed a large number of unigenes that have been assigned by genetic ontology to individual functions in the organism. Therefore, genetic differences from other varieties were confirmed. The impact of the environment and cultivation practices, including large- scale production, is being explored. The results can be used for further research or breeding. Consumers and experts have rated the Czech bolting garlic as a variety with a distinctly pungent taste and aroma. Substances causing this strong characteristic taste are secondary metabolites, alk(en)ylcysteine-S-oxides (ACSO), especially alliin and methiin. Chemical analysis did not confirm the exceptionally high value of these taste precursors or other substances that should distinguish Czech bolting garlic. Secondary metabolism includes other important substances that are used mainly in pharmacy and healthcare, where garlic has been used for thousands of years due to antibacterial effects,...
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Surface phenotype of human carcinoma cancer stem cells (CSC)
Bočková, Marie ; Drbal, Karel (advisor) ; Čermák, Vladimír (referee)
Tumor is composed of a heterogenous mass of cells. Similar to normal healthy organs and tissues, these can be divided into individual cellular subpopulations according to morphology, function and expression patterns. A subpopulation of cells that are able to give rise to all of these cellular lineages is referred to as cancer stem cells (CSC). CSCs have the capabilities of normal stem cells such as the self-renewal and the ability to give rise to a heterogenous population of differentiated cells. Usually, this is the most resistant subpopulation within a tumor, highly non-responsive to therapy. Doing so, they are the cause of residual disease. Characterisation of CSC markers of individual tumor types is beneficial since it enables higher therapy efficacy via targeting this cell population. The -omics approaches to characterisation of the surface proteome bring a broader view into the field when searching for a unique gene signature of specific cancer stem cell types. It has been found that these cells can be identified based on the high expression levels of CD44, CD90 and CD49f. Among other markers, CD47 is an important marker for its immunosuppressive function.
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Iron metabolism in cancer cells
Beranová, Lea Marie ; Truksa, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Čermák, Vladimír (referee)
1Abstract: Cancer is one of the major causes of death in the present world. As the research of this disease has progressed, the attention of some scientists has been focused on a metabolism of iron and how it can be used to fight these rapidly proliferating invasive cells and stop their spreading. This work should serve as a brief review of iron metabolic processes from the iron absorption from dietary resources and recycled cell iron, to its usage in heme- or Fe/S clusters-proteins and storage in a form of ferritin, while highlighting the points that differ in cancer cells. It also gives a modest overview on the regulatory pathways of iron uptake and use, and mentions iron metabolism disorders such as iron-depletion and overload. Simultaneously it is denoting possible differences that could be targeted in tumor treatment, and, at least but not last, the perspectives and future work that could bring a new methods and approaches to this matter. Keywords: iron metabolism, iron, cancer, hepcidin
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Regulation of transcription by proteins of the Early growth response and Myb families
Čermák, Vladimír ; Dvořák, Michal (advisor) ; Vomastek, Tomáš (referee) ; Elleder, Daniel (referee)
The regulation of transcription of tens of thousands of genes in a vertebrate organism is an enormously complex phenomenon which entails the participation of thousands of various regulatory proteins. The largest functional category of these regulators is accounted for by sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins known as transcription factors. Proteins of the EGR and Myb families of transcription factors are long-studied regulators of a variety of physiological processes including cellular proliferation and differentiation. The structural and physical aspects of their function have been well characterized. Their cell-type specific participation in complex gene-regulatory networks, on the other hand, is still incompletely understood and represents a major challenge in the respective research areas. Preliminary analysis of gene expression data from metastasizing PR9692 and non- metastasizing PR9692-E9 chicken sarcoma cell lines revealed that the transcription factor EGR1 is expressed at a higher level in metastasizing cells and can thus take part in the regulatory processes that underlie the differences between the two cell lines. Further investigation demonstrated that the introduction of exogenous EGR1 into PR9692-E9 cells restored their metastatic potential to a level indistinguishable from PR9692...
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Extracellular microRNAs in hematological malignancies and their use for diagnosis and treatment monitoring
Šulcová, Dominika ; Pospíšil, Vít (advisor) ; Čermák, Vladimír (referee)
MicroRNAs are short non-coding RNAs that negatively regulate gene expression at post-transcriptional level by interfering with mRNA translation and stability. Recently, microRNAs were surprisingly found to be present in various body fluids including blood plasma and serum, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, milk or urine. These extracellular microRNAs are resistant to RNases and stable in high temperature or pH. Extreme stability of extracellular microRNAs is caused by their association with protective protein complexes (mostly with Argonaute proteins). MicroRNAs are frequently deregulated in cancer and specific tumor- related microRNAs can be also detected in body fluids, indicating that extracellular microRNAs can be used as tumor specific markers. This Bachelor thesis reviews basic principles of microRNA function and biogenesis with focus on extracellular microRNAs and their role in intercellular communication, and it highlights the role of extracellular microRNAs in hematological malignancies and their possible use in diagnosis and treatment.
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Report on the geothermal research in borehole GTPVLT-1 (Litoměřice) - appendix
Šafanda, Jan ; Dědeček, Petr ; Krešl, Milan ; Čermák, Vladimír
The report provides detailed information about geothermal research in borehole GTPVLT-1 in the Czech Republic together with all graphic outputs. It includes (i) repeated temperature logs during and after the borehole drilling, (ii) measurements of thermal conductivity and diffusivity of the encountered rock samples, (iii) measurements of radioactive isotopes content of uranium, thorium and potassium in the encountered rock samples and calculation of their radiogenic heat production, (iv) determination of the terrestrial heat flow in the borehole and (v) prognosis of temperature expected down to the depth of 5 km.
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Report on the geothermal research in borehole GTPVLT-1 (Litoměřice)
Šafanda, Jan ; Dědeček, Petr ; Krešl, Milan ; Čermák, Vladimír
The report provides information about geothermal research in borehole GTPVLT-1 in the Czech Republic, which included (i) repeated temperature logs during and after the borehole drilling, (ii) measurements of thermal conductivity and diffusivity of the encountered rock samples, (iii) measurements of radioactive isotopes content of uranium, thorium and potassium in the encountered rock samples and calculation of their radiogenic heat production, (iv) determination of the terrestrial heat flow in the borehole and (v) prognosis of temperature expected down to the depth of 5 km.
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