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Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its diagnostics
Čejková, Štěpánka ; Voxová, Barbora (advisor) ; Vejsová, Marcela (referee)
6 Abstract Strictly aerobic bakteria Mycobacterium (M.) tuberculosis (Mtb) belongs to the group of M. tuberculosis complex. It is a cause of worldwide spread disease - tuberculosis (TBC), which is being a threat even in the 21st century and claims 1.5 milion lifes every year (85). It is mainly a threat for socially disadvantaged groups. Source of these mycobacteria is almost always contagious person, rarely contagious animal. The disease almost always first affects respiratory tract, in later stages it can affect any other body organ. The cellular type of immunologic response dominates and so in the indirect diagnostics there is the use of the antibodies being problematic. Skin tests which were used for the testing of the cellular immunologic response in the past are being currently replaced by so-called IGRA tests. In contrast to the most bacteria, Mtb diagnostics proves to be difficult. This is caused mainly by the long reproductive time which leads to prolonged cultivation time. To speed up the cultivation metabolic cultivation methods are used. In the direct diagnostics the microscopic and cultivation techniques still play the main role, help of methods of molecular biology can be used as well. Simple PCR methods enable fast mycobacteria identification, however their use in direct proof brings higher...
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Possibilities in vaccination of dogs and cats
Čejková, Štěpánka ; Berka, Pavel (advisor) ; Daniel, Daniel (referee)
This bachelor thesis deals with the vaccination problems of domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris) and domestic cat (Felis silvestris catus). The first part describes the basic information about the immune system to better understand formation of protection against infectious diseases in the form of memory cells, the principle of vaccination. Attention is also paid to the conditions to achieve the desired result of vaccination, including knowledge of the causative agent, the right technology of making vaccine, appropriate vaccination schedule, a suitable method of vaccine application and immunocompetent healthy individual, which will be able to react correctly to application of the vaccine. In veterinary medicine there are most commonly used vaccines with weakened or killed pathogens. Application is carried out mainly in the subcutaneous tissue or muscle, but the latest studies have shown significant benefit of application to the nasal cavity in connection with diseases affecting the respiratory tract. The primary vaccination of dogs and cats begins at their age of 8 to 12 weeks. It is necessary to carry out at least one revaccination at the age of 3 to 4 weeks after the primary vaccination. This revaccination serves as a stimulation of memory cells. In case of negative epidemiological situation two or even three applications can be made. Notwithstanding the fact that the memory cells in the body of an individual persist for a long time, yearly booster vaccination is still recommended for the majority of diseases. In the case of rabies, for some vaccines this revaccination is implemented once every three years. In the Czech Republic only the vaccination of dogs against rabies is required by law. Other diseases can be vaccinated optionally, depending on the disease situation, the use of dogs (hunting dogs, service etc.), and the possibility of travelling with a pet abroad. In connection with the vaccination, the basic information about infectious diseases of vaccinated dogs and cats are listed in this bachelor thesis.
As a part of this thesis a survey to find out awareness of dogs and cats´owners was carried out about the possibiliy of vaccination (and its use). These results are presented in graphs and provided in an appendix at the end of this bachelor thesis.
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