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The issue of diabetes treatment and prevention of birth defects.
Steklíková, Klára ; Peterka, Miroslav (advisor) ; Peterková, Renata (referee)
This work summarizes observations of relationship between diabetes in pregnancy and increased risk of birth defects and possible preventive measurements to reduce this risk. Children of diabetic mothers have an increased risk especially for the development defects of central nervous system (three times higher), cardiovascular system (1,5-4,5times higher), urinary system (2,5-3times higher). Other organ systems with increased risk of birth defects are musculo-skeletal system, digestive system and ear. To minimalize this risk the effective measures have to be kept, especially maintain blood glucose standard and without peaks. To achieve this goal is necessary observe appropriate diet and by types of diabetes requiring medication use choosing suitable drugs for pregnant women. Each pregnant patient should periodically measure blood glucose levels and don't exceed threshold 90 mg/ml (5,0mmol/l) of fasting and premeal level and 150 mg/ml (8,4 mmol/l) after meal. Also important is awareness of patient. Other tools used for prevention infants birth defects of diabetic mothers are regular measurements of glycohemoglobin levels, preconception planning and screening performed in pregnant women. Keywords: Diabetes, birth defects, pregnancy, prevention
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Early tooth development of Tabby mice
Smrčková, Lucie ; Peterková, Renata (advisor) ; Černý, Robert (referee)
The developing mouse dentition is a very useful tool to study molecular regulation of odontogenesis and also organogenesis. The embryonic mouse dentition comprises developing functional tooth primordia as well as rudimentary tooth primordia. These rudiments arrest their growth during development and either degenerate or become a part of a functional tooth. Mice with gene defects also allow elucidation of a function of genes, their products and signalling pathways. The protein ectodysplasin is essential for development of ectodermal derivatives - skin, hair, glands and teeth. The Tabby mice have a mutation in the Eda gene, which encodes the protein ectodysplasin, and they display a number of dentition anomalies. Early development of the lower jaw dentition in Tabby embryos has been already morphologically described. As a prerequisite for understanding regulatory mechanisms of odontogenesis in Tabby mice, it is also necessary to map the spatiotemporal dynamics of signalling centres that express Shh in both the rudimentary and functional tooth primordia. The aim of this thesis was to compare the signalling centres based on the Shh expression and its spatiotemporal dynamics in the lower jaw of Tabby and WT mouse embryos. Then the Shh data were correlated with known morphological data to clarify the...
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Early morphogenesis of lower cheek teeth in mice with gene defects.
Lagronová, Svatava ; Peterková, Renata (advisor) ; Anděrová, Miroslava (referee) ; Buchtová, Marcela (referee)
Tooth number is reduced in humans and mice when compared to the presumed basic tooth formula in mammals. In the regions, where teeth had been suppressed during evolution, a supernumerary tooth can appear as a result of abnormal development. However development of a supernumerary tooth, as well as origin of other anomalies, cannot be directly investigated in human embryos. That is the development of a supernumerary tooth was studied in a mouse model of this anomaly. The aims of the thesis were focused to verifying the hypothesis: Development of the supernumerary tooth in mutant mice is based on the revitalization of the rudimentary primordia of the teeth suppressed during evolution. We compared the morphological and quantitative aspects of the developing epithelium of the largest rudimentary (premolar) tooth primordia, called MS and R2, in the mandibles of WT, Spry2-/- , Spry4-/- , Spry2-/- ;Spry4-/- and Tabby mutant mice. Similarly, the upper incisor in WT mice was analysed and compared to the development of the duplicated incisor in Spry2+/- ;Spry4-/- mutant mice. In comparison to controls, decreased cell apoptosis and increased cell proliferation together with an enlarged volume of the dental epithelium were found during rudimentary tooth development in Spry mutant mice. These changes showed the...
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Embryotoxicity test of insulin-glucose interaction
Vobrová, Renata ; Peterka, Miroslav (advisor) ; Peterková, Renata (referee)
Diabetes mellitus is heterogeneous group of diseases. Their common characteristic is failure of metabolism carbohydrate, fats and proteins which is caused by an absolute or relative lack of insulin. A lack of insulin leads to the hyperglycemia. If diabetes is present, glucose and insulin, which physiologically occur in a body, are not in a balance. Pregnant women with diabetes have 7x - 10x higher risk of incidence offspring congenital malformations and there is also 2x - 5x higher risk of neonatal death compared to a population of healthy women. There have been disputes whether the teratogenic potential should be attributed to insulin, glucose, or whether the teratogenic effect of these substances increases through interaction. There is a question how much can maternal organism with diabetes disorder participate to the formation of congenital defects. The embryotoxic effects of insulin itself is not possible to study in the experiment on mammals, because it is not possible to distinguish the effect of the substance itself from the effects of disturbed metabolism of the maternal organism. The unique opportunity is to test the chicken embryo that develops outside the maternal organism. Therefore, we choose the aim of this thesis a test method CHEST (single application 2nd - 5th embryonal day) and a...
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Effect of addictive drugs on prenatal development
Hofmannová, Oldřiška ; Peterka, Miroslav (advisor) ; Peterková, Renata (referee)
Substance abuse is long-term worldwide problem. This thesis summarizes findings about the effects of stimulants, opiates and hallucinogens and focuses on the most commonly used illegal representatives of individual groups: cocaine, amphetamines, heroin and LSD. All these substances have negative effect on both mother and her fetus. Some of addictive substances can influence pregnancy and childbirth. There is also higher risk of fetus mortality and morbidity of the new born baby. Prenatal exposure to addictive substances could have influence on the birth weight, length, head circumference, its further growth and behavior. Some drugs can cause neonatal abstinent syndrome which can lead without prenatal care to death of newborn.
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Developmental dynamic of vestigial tooth primordia and possibilities for its experimental influencing
Procházka, Jan ; Peterková, Renata (advisor) ; Černý, Robert (referee) ; Anděrová, Miroslava (referee)
Tooth development in the mouse embryo is an important model of developmental biology for studying not only odontogenesis, but also general organogenesis, and it also has considerable biomedical potential. Tooth shares many developmental features with other epithelial organs whose development initiates from budding of epithelium. The tooth is not only an isolated organ, but it is a part of the organ system - dentition. During dentition development, there is serial initiation of developing teeth. The presumed basic tooth formula in placental mammals comprised three incisors, one canine, four premolars and three molars. Dentition of rodents is already very derived being only formed by one continuously growing incisor and three molars in each dental quadrant. In place of missing teeth between the incisor and molars is a toothless region called diastema. During mouse embryonic development, it is possible to observe the initiation of development of rudimentary tooth primordia in both incisor area and in prospective diastema. In contrast to these morphological findings, the generally accepted assumption is that only the prospective functional incisor and the first molar (M1) develop during initial stages of mouse odontogenesis (ED 11-14) and, consequently, all the molecular signalling events are...
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