National Repository of Grey Literature 7 records found  Search took 0.00 seconds. 
The role of adipose tissue in the whole-body energy metabolism in mice with different genetic background
Funda, Jiří ; Janovská, Petra (advisor) ; Pecina, Petr (referee) ; Žurmanová, Jitka (referee)
Adipose tissue greatly contributes to the maintenance of the whole-body energy homeostasis. White adipose tissue (WAT) is the most important storage of metabolic energy in the body, while brown adipose tissue (BAT) enables the body to survive in cold environment by transforming metabolic energy to heat. Both WAT and BAT have a critical role in the control of systemic levels of fatty acids, which is necessary for the maintenance of the energy homeostasis and for the prevention of lipotoxic damage of non-adipose tissues. Abundant lipid accumulation can lead to the development of obesity, which is often accompanied by metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes and by the impairment of adipose tissue metabolic functions. Healthy adipose tissue prevents from the development of metabolic disorders associated with obesity by buffering the excess of nutrients. The key processes for efficient buffering of fatty acids are futile triacylglycerols/fatty acid cycling (TAG/FA cycling) and fatty acid oxidation. These processes occur in both WAT and BAT and their rates are largely affected by a set of transcriptional regulators, especially peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and their coactivators. Bioactive molecules such as hormones, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) or pharmaceutics such as...
Physiological relevance of futile cycling based on lipolysis and fatty acid re-esterification in white adipose tissue
Funda, Jiří ; Flachs, Pavel (advisor) ; Kolář, David (referee)
AJ The thesis deals with the task of futile metabolic cycling, mainly on the cycle including lipolysis and fatty acid re-esterification, which takes place in white adipose tissue. This cycle plays some essential roles in organism, including regulation of important metabolic pathways in lipid metabolism and also exhibit certain influence on the whole body energy metabolism. First part of the thesis is focused on general properties of futile metabolic cycles and shows some examples of their functions in organism. Next part presents detail view on single steps making the whole lipolysis/re-esterification cycle. Considerable part deals with the ways of regulation of futile cycle activity. This approach may increase an impact of futile cycling on processes under its influence. Physiological relevance of futile metabolic cycle based on lipolysis and fatty acid re-esterification in white adipose tissue was described in numerous studies. This thesis shows their results for a purpose to provide a summary of functions of this system in physiology of mammals. Key words futile metabolic cycle, lipolysis, re-esterification, fatty acids, adipose tissue
Autophagy as a key mediator of beneficial effects of caloric restriction
Kačinská, Irena ; Novotný, Jiří (advisor) ; Funda, Jiří (referee)
Caloric restriction has long been known in the scientific world as a life-prolonging condition, and there is growing evidence that the effect of activation of non-selective autophagy is responsible for these effects. In this thesis, the molecular mechanisms of autophagy in the state of caloric restriction will be described, as well as its beneficial effects on the aging of the organism and various health problems associated with aging and the modern way of life will be summarized. Some risks that could result from unprofessional intervention in one's own body will also be mentioned. It is hypothesized that practicing caloric restriction under the supervision of an expert brings prevention of diseases of civilization diseases and diseases associated with aging and prolongs quality of life, which would, among other things, help reduce the cost of health and social care. Keywords: Autophagy, caloric restriciton, molecular mechanisms
Cholinergic signaling in the striatum and its significance in cognitive flexibility
Smolík, Matyáš ; Janíčková, Helena (advisor) ; Funda, Jiří (referee)
In the striatum, cholinergic interneurons (CINs) contribute to the control of behaviour, motor and cognitive functions. Recently, number of studies have shown a special significance of CINs in the control of cognitive flexibility: the ability to learn new behavioural strategies when requirements of the environment change. Along with working memory, cognitive inhibition, attention control and other cognitive domains, cognitive flexibility belongs to executive functions. Cognitive flexibility impairment is present in a range of neuropsychiatric disorders and thus, understanding its mechanisms is of outstanding importance. The proposed work will first describe anatomy and cellular composition of the striatum and its functions. It will further describe cholinergic system with a special attention to cholinergic signalling in the striatum. The final chapter of the general part of the thesis will focus on cognitive flexibility. After discussing the involved structures and systems separately, the thesis will eventually provide comprehensive review of currently available studies investigating how striatal CINs contribute to brain's ability to replace old concepts with new and more efficient ones.
Lipid rafts and their role in transmembrane signaling mediated by G protein-coupled receptors
Ševčíková, Adéla ; Novotný, Jiří (advisor) ; Funda, Jiří (referee)
Membrane microdomains enriched in cholesterol and sphingolipids, known as lipid rafts and caveolae, contribute to many cellular processes including cholesterol homeostasis or lateral segregation of membrane proteins. This bachelor thesis describes the role of these membrane microdomains on transmembrane signaling mediated by G protein-coupled receptors. This is the most numerous and diverse family of receptors in mammalian cells that can affect a large number of physiological functions of the organism. A large amount of GPCR located in the membrane microdomains that concentrate specific signal components increase the variability of signaling. This issue is very complicated because the methods used to characterize these variable structures have limitations and each of the receptors exhibits specific behaviour. Key words: GPCRs, G proteins, lipid rafts, caveolae, transmembrane signaling
Role of PGC-1 coactivators in the regulation of mitochondrial function in adipose tissue
Funda, Jiří ; Janovská, Petra (advisor) ; Mlejnek, Petr (referee)
Metabolic pathways in adipose tissue affect the whole-body energy homeostasis. De novo lipogenesis and futile metabolic cycling based on lipolysis and fatty acid re-esterification which is engaged in regulation of fatty acid level in bloodstream are occuring there. These processes are partly regulated by nuclear receptor PPARγ. Mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative phosphorylation in adipocytes are controlled by interacting of PPARγ with transcriptional coactivators PGC-1α and PGC-1β. The aims of this thesis were to find out whether PGC-1β is connected with regulation of futile cycling and de novo lipogenesis in white adipose tissue and also how specific inactivation of PGC-1β gene in adipose tissue affects phenotype of mice during short-term cold exposure or treatment based on high fat diet enriched by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in combination with mild calorie restriction. The results show that inactivation of PGC-1β probably does not affect futile cycling based on lipolysis and fatty acid re-esterification. In mice with PGC-1β ablation compensation in weight of brown adipose tissue was observed as well as increase in the gene expresion of nuclear receptors PPAR, transcriptional coactivator PGC-1α and UCP1 during cold exposure. Even though the inactivation of PGC-1β in brown adipose tissue...
Physiological relevance of futile cycling based on lipolysis and fatty acid re-esterification in white adipose tissue
Funda, Jiří ; Flachs, Pavel (advisor) ; Kolář, David (referee)
AJ The thesis deals with the task of futile metabolic cycling, mainly on the cycle including lipolysis and fatty acid re-esterification, which takes place in white adipose tissue. This cycle plays some essential roles in organism, including regulation of important metabolic pathways in lipid metabolism and also exhibit certain influence on the whole body energy metabolism. First part of the thesis is focused on general properties of futile metabolic cycles and shows some examples of their functions in organism. Next part presents detail view on single steps making the whole lipolysis/re-esterification cycle. Considerable part deals with the ways of regulation of futile cycle activity. This approach may increase an impact of futile cycling on processes under its influence. Physiological relevance of futile metabolic cycle based on lipolysis and fatty acid re-esterification in white adipose tissue was described in numerous studies. This thesis shows their results for a purpose to provide a summary of functions of this system in physiology of mammals. Key words futile metabolic cycle, lipolysis, re-esterification, fatty acids, adipose tissue

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