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Preprocessing of sewage sludge for pyrolysis process
Ševčík, Jan ; Rusník,, Igor (referee) ; Bodík,, Igor (referee) ; Hlavínek, Petr (advisor)
The concept of sludge management at the level of sludge treating technology of sewage treatment plants, as well as at national, continental or world level, requires fundamental improvement in the interest of sustainable development. Sewage sludge production is continuously increasing. Sewage sludge contains a number of pollutants but also a significant renewable resource for material transformation and / or energy recovery. Sewage sludge is composed of an inorganic mineral part and organic components. Its organic part is a source of energy and nutrients, but also contains harmful pollutants for exapmple heavy metals. However, there are technologies that offer the possibility of neutralizing pollutants while using other sludge components in terms of recycling energy, nutrients and other attractive sludge components. The mentioned technologies include mainly thermal methods of sewage sludge treatment and one of them is pyrolysis. Thessis focuses on sewage sludge prepartation for pyrolysis process, which includes mixing with additives and peletization of prepared mixture for purposes of agricultural or energetical utilisation. Technology for material transformation and energy utilization of sewage sludge, in particular the mentioned pyrolysis or torrefaction, require an insignificant degree of detailed research in order to expand it in the field of sludge management. Indeed, it is not only research that will enable direct correct use of this technology in practice. The results of such research are the basis for the drafting of the relevant legislation, which will subsequently enable the deployment of pyrolysis technologies in practice.
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Higher Heating Value of Sewage Sludge
Mikluš, Michal ; Bělohradský, Petr (referee) ; Houdková, Lucie (advisor)
The thesis is focused on problems of thermal treatment of sludge from wastewater treatment plants. The main objective is to establish a formula for calculating higher heating value (HHV) and lower heating value (LHV) of sludge based on its chemical analysis. The work is divided into two main parts: The theoretical part deals with the characteristics of sludge, thermal treatment of sludge, it isn´t omitted higher heating value and lower heating value. The main topic of a practical part is formulation of eguations for HHV and LHV calculation. Chemical analysis of sludge samples were supplied by TÜV NORD Czech s.r.o., together with the values of HHV and LHV. The calculations were verified by the program MINITAB.
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Optimization of Gasification Process of Biodegradable Wastes
Elbl, Patrik ; Milčák, Pavel (referee) ; Lisý, Martin (advisor)
The aim of the diploma thesis is to discuss the gasification of biodegradable waste. The theoretical part deals with gasification with focus on gasification phases, types of gasification reactors and pollutants contained in the generated gas, especially tar. Further, there is listed the characteristic of alternative biomass fuels, namely digestate and sludge waste. The practical part is devoted to gasification on a fluidized bed reactor with the aim to test the possibilities of gasification of these fuels, to determine their specifications and the influence of various gasification media. In the final part there are discussed the results of the collected gases and tar.
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Sewage sludge treatment
Adamus, Petr ; Havlásek, Martin (referee) ; Zejda, Vojtěch (advisor)
The first part of bachelor’s thesis deals with waste water treatment up to the phase, when the sewage sludge is created. Then follows the summary of available sludge treatment and disposal methods and their description. Next part is about legislative overview and a summary of the limits imposed on waste water treatment plants. In the last part, the bachelor thesis deals with description of sludge properties and their measurement methods. The practical part contains measurement and calculation of sewage sludge properties, exactly calculation of dry matter by determination of dry residue and determination of loss on ignition in sludge.
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Industrial sludges as alternative fuel in cement plant
Raška, Miroslav ; Kalina, Lukáš (referee) ; Opravil, Tomáš (advisor)
This thesis deals with the use of industrial sludge as an additive to alternative fuels in the cement industry. The first part is focused on solid alternative fuels, especially sewagesludge, processed and used in the firing process of Portland clinker and heatingpotential of the secondary raw materials, fuels. The second part deals with the history, production of cement and its raw material base. The last part contains information of practical measurements and draw conclusions about the appropriateness of using that type of industrial sludge in cement as a solid alternative fuel.
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Harvesting of materials from wastewater and sludge
Boubínová, Marie ; Chorazy, Tomáš (referee) ; Hlavínek, Petr (advisor)
This bachelor thesis is focused on the issue of recycling raw materials from wastewater and sewage sludge with emphasis on phosphorus. The first part of the thesis deals with the problems associated with resources of phosphorus, the use of the legislative and recycling of phosphorus. Then, physico-chemical and biological methods of phosphorus recycling from wastewater and products of their further processing at WWTPs are discussed. Phosphorus recycling is also described in terms of the circular economy, which is explained at the end of the first part of this thesis. The second part of this thesis is a technical-economic research for a specific WWTP over 50 thousand. PE in the Czech Republic. The available technologies for recycling phosphorus from wastewater, sewage sludge and sewage sludge ash are described alsonhere. Then, the technologies are compared and evaluated.
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Integrated technology for environmentally safe residual plastic waste and sewage sludge disposal
Kadlecová, Petra ; Jecha, David (referee) ; Brummer, Vladimír (advisor)
The existing methods of sewage sludge and non-recyclable plastic waste management turn out to be unsatisfactory in long terms. Landfilling of the high-calorific-value wastes will be lim-ited in near future and the potential soil contamination by some of the sewage sludge contents led to several legislation changes in the field of using the sewage slugde in agriculture. The presented thesis aims to find an integrated solution for sewage sludge and plastic waste with a focus on the possibility of phosphorus recovery from the resulting ash. Based on the study of the available separate solutions and relevant legislative regulations, three variants of possible integration were proposed. Subsequently, the basic energy and material balance of these vari-ants were performed using W2E software.
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Treatment of Waste Water Treatment Sludge Prior of its Following Utilization
Pěček, Jan ; Klemeš,, Jiří (referee) ; Žaloudík, Petr (referee) ; Jícha, Jaroslav (advisor)
Industrial production of cellulose is an energy intensive process. Businesses aim to utilized as much input energy, materials as possible while minimizing the waste as well. In addition to the main product – cellulose and large amounts of organically polluted water which is subsequently treated in waste water treatment plants. This PhD thesis deals with formation of suitable mixing formula for sludge from cellulose production and available materials (waste) from close neighborhood of Biocel Paskov a.s. so that well balanced cofermentation products are achieved. This mainly involves grass from lawn maintenance, grass ensilage, potato peels, and leftovers from vegetable processing. Fermentation processes (both mesophilic and thermophilic) of prepared fermentation products were conducted in semi-continuous and continuous laboratory fermentation units. Reduction of organic mass depending on residence time was closely observed as well as production and quality of biogas along with quality of output digestate. Course of process behaviour under controlled pH was tested. Results of particular tests were integrated into graphs. Conclusion of the thesis presents balance scheme drawn for selected variants, and design of real fermentation station with individual buildings, operations, basic machinery and equipment description including investment costs. Financial calculation and expected investment return was conducted in two variants – without subsidies and including subsidies from Operational Programme Renewable Sources of Energy.
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Determination of organic compounds in biochar produced by microwave torrefaction of biomass
Meindl, Jiří ; Vávrová, Milada (referee) ; Mravcová, Ludmila (advisor)
The thesis is focused on a determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contained in dried pelletized sewage sludge and pelletized biochar. Biochars were made in mild conditions by microwave torrefaction of prepared sewage sludge. There were analyzed and quantified the 34 of standardized PAHs compounds in two series. The first serie, also called “Sada 1”, has been aimed at comparison of extraction methods for the chosen sample of sewage sludge and the sample of biochar. In serie “Sada 1”, there were compared efficiencies of chosen type of solvent or solvent mixture by comparison of yields for 34 standardized analytes in a sample of biochar and a sample of sewage sludge. There were compared also to total yields of PAHs and to number of quantified compounds in analyzed samples. The most reliable extraction method has been used for the next analyses of samples in the second serie called “Sada 2”. In Sada 2, there were compared different samples of the same type (e.g. biochar, sludge). The origin of sewage sludge (small or big sewage treatment plant expressed as PE) and used additives (cellulose, chaff, hay) as modificators for torrefaction process were variables for different type of sample. The results of analysis were identification of the most suitable sewage sludge and additive to be used as modificator for microwave torrefaction process. The main goal of correctly chosen sludge and additive was to minimize production of PAH’s during torrefaction and in samples of biochar.
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The Research on Regeneration of the Filter Material, used in the Soil Filters and Constructed Wetlands
Burešová, Hana ; Rozkošný,, Miloš (referee) ; Kriška-Dunajský, Michal (advisor)
The thesis consists of two basic parts. The first research part creates an introduction to the root zone wastewater treatment plants. It contains mainly causes of filter environment colmation and its theoretical solution methods, which are further solved in the laboratory. The master’s thesis attempts to find a simple way, which would in future be possible to evaluate the rate of sedimentation of the sludge material, which causes filtration environment colmation. Results of developed methodology will be used in practice by washing colmated filtration material, respectively colmatant separation in sedimentation tank. The thesis focuses to verify the possibility flocculation and mineralization of sludge, which adheres to the surface of the filtration material. The solution lies in the observation of sedimentation rate (after previous dilution) using by the turbidimetric method, based on the beam-column passage through muddy water. The results show that it is not critical ambient temperature, but the time effect of natural mineralization in combination with moisture (dry matter concentration, the amount of water). The present thesis evaluates the possibilities and application method, leading to the natural regeneration of the filtration material exposed to natural climatic conditions.
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