|
|
Importance of fungal decomposition of wood in the ecosystems of natural forests
Štercová, Lucie ; Baldrian, Petr (advisor) ; Kolařík, Miroslav (referee)
The decomposition of organic substrates represents an important part of the global carbon cycle and affects its global change through CO2 release. In temperate forests, deadwood represents a large carbon stock, its amount and decomposition is crucial for ecosystem biodiversity and functioning. The fungi are omnipresent powerful decayers in all terrestrial ecosystems. Their ability to decompose all deadwood compounds, mainly lignocellulose, is highly important. Without fungi, the wood decompositions and the release of withheld nutrients back to nutrient cycles couldn't be performed. While many studies were concerned with the estimation of decomposition rates of deadwood, still deeper knowledge about microbial decomposition processes and the diversity of saproxylic species and their interaction is needed. The fungi are still underrepresented in dead wood studies. This study had two main objectives. First was to describe the fungal community on downed deadwood of Fagus sylvatica and Abies alba in natural forest of Salajka in the Czech Republic, to reflect the substrate changes during the different decay stages, and to link the enzyme activities to fungal community composition and their described ecophysiologies. Second aim was to describe the fungal communities on standing and downed dead logs of...
|
|
|
The importance of mycorrhizal fungi in the root decomposition.
Haiclová, Klára ; Kohout, Petr (advisor) ; Kolaříková, Zuzana (referee)
Mycorrhizal fungi are known as symbionts of many plant species. Fungi provide better access to mineral nutrients and water for host plants, and in return fungi receive carbohydrates from plants. Although a significant proportion of organic matter is bound in the root biomass, little is known about the factors affecting root decomposition. Understanding the process of root decomposition and the factors that affect it, is important to us. Knowledge of root decomposition helps us understand the carbon cycle and answer questions about carbon sequestration in soil. This Bachelor's thesis is focused on the importance and function of mycorrhizal fungi during root decomposition. It describes the influence of mycorrhizal fungi on the decomposition of fine roots colonized by mycorrhizae, the ability of mycorrhizal fungi to decompose organic matter and influence the decomposition rate through competition with saprotrophic organisms. Keywords: mycorrhizal fungi, roots, decomposition, rate, organic matter, soil, importance, carbon sequestration
|
|
|
Mortality of females from selected malignant neoplasms in the context of preventive programs in the Czech and Slovak Republic since 1994
Antošová, Marie ; Hulíková Tesárková, Klára (advisor) ; Fialová, Ludmila (referee)
Mortality of females from selected malignant neoplasms in the context of preventive programs in the Czech and Slovak Republic since 1994 Abstract The main aim of the thesis is to compare the differences in mortality due to female malignant neoplasms (neoplasm of the breast, cervix and colon) in the Czech Republic and Slovak Republic during 1994-2015. Changes in mortality levels have been associated with the implementation of relevant preventive programs. The development of mortality is analyzed according to age only for female population and causes of death using the standardized mortality rate of selected causes of death and age specific mortality rate and using the decomposition of life expectancy at birth between the years 1994-2001 and 2009-2015 in terms of age groups and causes of death. Results of the analytical part of the thesis show that mortality decreased during 1994-2015 but the differences among mortality in both selected countries occurred. Mortality in both the analyzed countries differed above all for malignant neoplasm of the breast. Higher efficiency of established preventive programs has been demonstrated in the Czech Republic than in the Slovak Republic. Keywords: Czech Republic, Slovak Republic, mortality by causes of death, females, prevention programs, malignant neoplasms, decomposition
|
|
|
Male mortality excess by causes of death in selected European countries in 2000-2013 period
Knížová, Karolína ; Hulíková Tesárková, Klára (advisor) ; Fialová, Ludmila (referee)
Male mortality excess by causes of death in selected European countries in 2000-2013 period Abstract The aim of this thesis is to analyse and to evaluate current differences in mortality between males and females in selected European countries by causes of death. The thesis tries to capture the main features of so-called male mortality excess, and also tries to find its specifics in each individual state. Selected countries (the Czech Republic, Sweden, France and Spain) represent individual European macro-regions. The analyzed causes of death (neoplasms, diseases of nervous system, diseases of circulatory system, diseases of respiratory system and external causes) were selected based on the highest difference in the proportion of standardized mortality rates in total mortality between males and females. In the analytical part of the thesis, the methods of standardization, mortality tables and Pollard's two-dimensional decomposition of the difference in life expectancy at birth between males and females are used. To illustrate the situation of male mortality excess on the different groups of causes of death, contour plots of contributions to the difference in life expectancy at birth between males and females were created. The most significant differences in life expectancy between males and females were...
|
|
|
Analysis of mortality from selected respiratory diseases in the Czech Republic in the 1994-2014 period
Vančurová, Mariana ; Hulíková Tesárková, Klára (advisor) ; Burcin, Boris (referee)
The main objective of this thesis was to analyse the development of mortality from selected respiratory diseases in the Czech Republic in the 1994-2014 period. Selected respiratory diseases were defined due to common characteristics, risk factors and mutual effects on each other and they are lung cancer, pneumonia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The first part of the thesis contains the definition of studied diseases, their risk factors, incidences and general trends of mortality from selected causes of death. The second part is devoted to the development of mortality from selected respiratory diseases regarding sex, age and seasonal effect. The methods for calculating in the analytical part were standardized mortality rate, two-dimensional decomposition and decomposition of the time series. The results showed different development of mortality from selected diseases between men and women and age distribution in consequence of the mortality from selected respiratory diseases. In terms of seasonal mortality, there was an effect found on pneumonia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
|
|
|
Analysis of time series of spa guests in the Czech Republic
Žák, Václav ; Matějka, Martin (advisor) ; Šimpach, Ondřej (referee)
The bachelor thesis is focused on analysis of quarterly time series of guests in spa resorts in Czech republic in the period from 2000 to 2016. The data were obtained from Czech statistical office. The aim of this thesis is to analyse the time series and to create predictions of possible future progress of time series. Deterministic and stochastic methods are used to analyse the time series. All models are created in the statistical environment R.
|
|
|
Fertility development in selected European countries considering the timing effect from the second half of the 20th century to the present
Ženíšková, Aneta ; Kurtinová, Olga (advisor) ; Šťastná, Anna (referee)
Fertility development in selected European countries considering the timing effect from the second half of the 20th century to the present The main objective of this thesis is to evaluate the influence of the timing effect on the mean age of mothers at childbirth in the context of fertility development in selected European countries from the second half of the 20th century to the present. Another objective is to adjust the total fertility rate to the timing effect and consequently demonstrated how changes in fertility timing affect this period measure in selected countries at a given time fame. The last objective is an evaluation of the views of respondents from studied countries from the sample survey of the European Social Survey for the years 2004 and 2010 to the questions relating to the reconciliation of work and family as one of the factors affecting the timing of fertility. On the basis of Esping-Andersen's typology of welfare states, following states are selected: Netherlands, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland and Ukraine. Changes of the mean age of mothers at childbirth are given not only by real changes in the timing of childbearing (the timing effect), but also by changes in the childbearing according to the birth order (the effect of fertility structure). The method of decomposition was used for...
|
|
|
Structure and function of bacterial communities during succession on dead plant biomass
Tláskal, Vojtěch ; Baldrian, Petr (advisor) ; Marečková, Markéta (referee)
The decomposition of dead plant biomass substantially contributes to the carbon cycle and therefore is one of the key processes in temperate forests. While the role of fungi in litter and deadwood decomposition was repeatedly addressed, there are just a few surveys of bacteria associated with decomposing plant biomass. The development of bacterial community within leaf litter is likely driven by the changes in litter chemistry and by the availability of nutrients in the litter. Fungal activity greatly contributes to changing properties of substrate and thus influences bacterial community. Availability of nutrients is changing during biomass decomposition from easily accessible substrates toward more recalcitrant ones (e.g. lignin). The colonization of deadwood by bacteria is influenced by various factors such as microclimate conditions, tree species and volume. The aim of this thesis was to describe bacterial community dynamics during the first two years of decomposition of leaf litter and deadwood. In the leaf litter experiment, bacterial community was analysed in the live, senescent and decomposing leaves of Quercus petraea. This experiment was performed in the Xaverovsky Haj Natural Reserve, Czech Republic. Deadwood experiment was focused on the composition of bacterial community in the initial...
|
|
|
Wood ants of genus Formica as important ecosystem engeneers
Jílková, Veronika ; Frouz, Jan (advisor) ; Tajovský, Karel (referee) ; Bonkowski, Michael (referee)
This thesis consists of one chapter accepted for publication in a book and four papers published in international journals with impact factors. All of the contributions deal with the role of wood ants in energy and nutrient fluxes in forest ecosystems. Wood ant nests are known as hot spots of carbon dioxide (CO2) production and are also thought to affect methane (CH4) flux. Stable high temperatures are maintained in ant nests even in cold environments. This study is focused on quantification of CO2 and CH4 flux in wood ant nests, contribution of ants and microbes to CO2 production, properties of nest material that affect CO2 production and the role of ants and microbes in the maintenance of nest temperature. The research was conducted in temperate and boreal forests inhabited by wood ants (Formica s. str.). Gas fluxes were measured either by an infrared gas analyser or a static chamber technique. Ants and nest materials were also incubated in a laboratory. Material properties potentially influencing CO2 flux, such as moisture, nutrient content or temperature were determined. According to the results, CH4 oxidation was lower in wood ant nests than in the surrounding forest soil suggesting that some characteristics of ant nests hinder CH4 oxidation or promote CH4 production. Wood ant nests clearly are hot...
|
|
|
The development of the birth rate and preschool education in the Czech Republic after 1950
Křesťanová, Jana ; Rychtaříková, Jitka (advisor) ; Kocourková, Jiřina (referee)
The development of the birth rate and preschool education in the Czech Republic after 1950 Abstract The main aim of the thesis is to map in detail the development of preschool education and financial support for families with children in the Czech Republic in the context of the development of birth rate after 1950. The development of birth rate in the thesis is not only analyzed by using basic indicators, but also through deeper decomposition methods. It turns out, that quality and availability of all network preschool institutions in the context has a certain role in the birth rate. The reconciliation of work and family is very important for lots of parents and sufficient offer of preschool care can help it. However, the demand for preschool institutions exceeded supply, as was shown in accordance with obtained data. It was also found out by the insight into the outcomes of surveys that the vast majority of respondents do not think that a preschool child of working mother would be suffering. In the future, should not only expand the capacity of childcare facilities as well as other options for facilitation of reconciling work and family life, such as better offer of flexible working hours. Keywords: birth rate, decomposition, preschool facilities, financial support for families with children, surveys,...
|
guest ::
