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Iodine in food
Laba, Marija ; Babák, Libor (referee) ; Vránová, Dana (advisor)
This research addresses the importance of iodine as a micronutrient for the human body. Although it seems that the required daily intake is small and it is calculated in micrograms, it is equally important for the organism. The issue deals and summarizes the occurrence of this element in food. Insufficient or excess intake causes serious illness. Based on this research, it is possible to imagine a supply of iodine in the Czech Republic and in the world. The collected information shows that iodine intake is different and it is depending on food, health status or age. The locality in which we live plays a big roli. Currently the salt iodization and wrong eating cause the growing problem of excessive intake of iodine in the body. Since the problem is solved only in theory, we can find a description of the most ideal method for determining the amount of iodine in food.
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Molecular genetic analysis of thyroid carcinomas in pediatric and adolescent patients
Bulanová, Barbora ; Kuklíková, Vlasta (advisor) ; Ludvíková, Marie (referee) ; Vícha, Aleš (referee)
Thyroid nodules are rare in pediatric and adolescent patients, but they are at greater risk of malignancy than adult patients. Thyroid carcinomas are the most common endocrine malignancy and their incidence is increasing. Although there are several types of thyroid carcinoma, 90% of cases in pediatric and adolescent patients are papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs). The aim of this study was to analyze a large cohort of PTCs from pediatric and adolescent patients, determine their genetic cause, and correlate the findings with clinical pathological data. Another aim was to characterize the most frequent findings and compare them with a cohort of adult patients with thyroid carcinoma positive for the same mutation. The final objective was to optimize a suitable methodology for detecting the most common findings in pediatric and adolescent patients for routine use. Thyroid tumor tissue samples were examined using molecular genetic methods, mostly using next-generation sequencing and real-time PCR analysis. We found that fusion genes were the most common cause of PTC in pediatric and adolescent patients, detected in 56% of patients. In total, 20 different types of fusion genes were identified, some of which have not been previously described in the literature. The fusion genes included the oncogenes...
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The influence of thyroid hormones and adrenal glands on mental function
Augustinová, Jana ; Šivicová, Gabriela (advisor) ; Špinka, Marek (referee)
This thesis focuses on effects of thyroid and adrenal hormones on mental functions, especially on cognitive functions and emotions. In the case of adrenal hormones it will also focus on stress and burnout syndrome, which are not considered as mental functions, but are connected to both psyche and the above mentioned hormones. The text is divided into two parts. The first, theoretical part deals with the anatomy and histology of these two organs, hormones that they produce and their influence on overall physical condition and pathology. The main section of this theoretical part deals with the description of influence of thyroid hormones and adrenal glands on the above mentioned mental functions. This work is based on both earlier and contemporary research, but predominantly on foreign research. In the second, empirical part, a proposal for longitudinal study of cortisol and thyroxine levels during depression treatment is presented. Klíčová slova: Hormones, thyroid glang, adrenal gland, mental functions, cognitive functions, emotions, stress, cortisol, thyroxine
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Iodine literacy of pregnant women
Kazdová, Kateřina ; Selinger, Eliška (advisor) ; Heniková, Marina (referee)
This work deals with the iodine literacy of pregnant women, which means the knowledge of these women about the role of iodine in their diet. Iodine is an element whose intake is essential to produce thyroid hormones. Its deficiency has an adverse effect on the health of vulnerable groups, such as pregnant women and their children. This deficit is a problem in our country and increasing iodine literacy could help reduce it. The aim of this bachelor's thesis is to verify whether there is a relationship between the iodine literacy of pregnant women and the frequency of inclusion of foods containing iodine in their diet. Another goal is also to find a connection between the level of this literacy and the level of information of women and to find out from which sources women most often draw information. The work also includes an analysis of the use of dietary supplements and their composition. 95 women participated in the research. All of them received a questionnaire in which they answered questions about not only iodine literacy itself, but also information about nutrition, the way they eat, nutritional supplements and other topics. The frequency of consumption of certain foods was also analyzed. Half of these women visited outpatient clinics for both physiological and high-risk pregnancies of the...
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Vliv modelové látky s anti-progestagenní aktivitou na vývoj gonád a štítné žlázy u žáby drápatky vodní (Xenopus laevis)
KARBUSOVÁ, Kateřina
The aim of this bachelor thesis was to assess the effect of the steroid hormone mifepristone, a model substance with anti-progestogenic activity, commonly used in medicine as an abortivum, on gonadal and thyroid development in a model amphibian species, the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). African clawed frogs were exposed to three concentrations of mifepristone 2, 22 and 215 ngl-1 from stage Nieuwkoop and Faber (NF) 47-48 until reaching stage NF 66. Mifepristone was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The control group of frogs was kept in pure water with the addition of DMSO solvent at a final concentration of 0.001 %vol.. Images for gonad morphology were taken during dissection sampling at the end of the test (after reaching the juvenile stage). Furthermore, thyroid samples were processed for histological analysis. The thyroid gland on the histological slide was photographed with QuickPHOTO MICRO 3.2 software. Selected parameters were measured on the gonadal and thyroid images using image analysis in the QuickPHOTO MICRO 3.2 software and the effect of mifepristone on gonadal and thyroid development was evaluated. Exposure to mifepristone did not induce pathological changes in gonadal development, nor was intersexuality detected. No significant differences were found between the mifepristone-exposed groups and the control group for any of the parameters studied (gonad length and width, number of melanophores). Based on the observed parameters, we can conclude that mifepristone did not affect the gonadal development of exposed frogs. Histopathological examination of the thyroid gland also revealed no changes. Thyroid development, as assessed by the width of the thyroid follicular epithelium, was also not significantly affected by mifepristone exposure at any of the frog developmental stages studied (NF 58, NF 66). Although no effect of mifepristone on the parameters studied in this thesis was observed until the juvenile stage, it is possible that the effects could be seen in adulthood and further experiments are needed.
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Needs of patients with thyroid disease
HANUSOVÁ, Kateřina
This bachelor thesis deals with the needs of patients with thyroid disease. The work is divided into two parts, theoretical and practical. Thyroid diseases include goiter, inflammation, tumors, hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. This work is focused on the needs of patients with hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. The two diseases differ in thyroid function, which is reduced in hypothyroidism and increased in hyperthyroidism. Both diseases are accompanied by many non-specific symptoms that occur in all systems. The treatment of the disease takes place in hypothyroidism in the replacement of thyroid hormones and in hyperthyroidism either also in the replacement of hormones or it is solved operatively or with the help of radioactive iodine. It is important to adhere to the treatment, as even in these two diseases, symptoms may increase and subsequent myxedema coma or thyrotoxic crisis may occur, which are life-threatening conditions. In the theoretical part, we also deal with the hierarchy of needs, because the nursing process is derived from this knowledge. The disease can affect the patient's needs in some way and in case of their dissatisfaction, the patient suffers in the physical, mental or social area. In the practical part of the bachelor thesis we dealt with qualitative research. This study consisted of ten probands treated with either hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism. The method of semi-structured interview was chosen for data collection, which was used in communication with probands suffering from thyroid disease. The interviews were formulated on the basic of the set goal: To map the needs of patients with thyroid disease. The research was conducted at home. The results we obtained from the interviewees through interviews were divided into several categories and subsequently processed. According to our research, a different need is important for each patient. However, I would like to note that even after using the medication, some respondents still struggle with fatigue, which they try to overcome to a certain extent, but even so they are sometimes forced to succumb to fatigue and go to rest during the day. I would also like to mention the reduced tolerance of the warm environment, which appeared in some respondents, and even after the use of medication in patients did not disappear. Finally, I would like to point out that, according to our research, some respondents are afraid of pregnancy due to their illness, which is likely to limit them in the future. This work will serve students to obtain new information about the disease and could also serve as a source of information for newly diagnosed patients.
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Needs of the patient undergoing radioiodine therapy
PAVLOVIČOVÁ, Adéla
The aim of this bachelor thesis was to map the needs of patients who are treated by radioiodine therapy. Two research questions were chosenin connection with the main objective of the thesis. The research questions are: "What are the specifics of the biological needs of patients undergoing radioiodine treatment?" and "What are the specifics of the psycho-social needs of patients undergoing radioiodine treatment?" The empirical part of the bachelor thesis was elaborated by method of qualitative research. The research itself was conducted in the form of semi-structured interview. Each interview consisted of 19 pre-repaired questions, which were supplemented by additional sub-questions, if it was possible. The interviews took place in the private environment of the Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrinology. There were also made the audio recording of this interviews, based on the consent of all interviews. The recordings were rewritten and processed by using the open-coding method - ,,pencil-paper'' technique. There were 8 informants aged 19-72 years, in the research group. The results of the research are presented in the form of three categories and two of them are also divided into subcategories. The subcategories are shown schematically, because of the clarity. These thematically selected categories represent answers of the previously mentioned research questions of this bachelor thesis. The results of the research allow a complex view of the period before, after and also application the radioiodine. These results can be used like educational material for nurses who take care of patients with thyroid disease, or as s source of information for patients waiting for this treatment.
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Štítná žláza prasat
ŠTĚCHOVÁ, Petra
Thyroid gland is very important endocrine organ that interferes with a number of processes in the body. Sufficient iodine saturation of animals is essential for optimal production of thyroid hormones. The aim of the bachelor's thesis was to determine iodine supply of slaughter pigs and morphometric parameters of thyroid glands in selected individuals. The study included 27 castrated hybrids of Czech landrace and Pietrain. Iodine content in urine was determined using the Sandell - Kolthoff spectrophotometric method. Thyroid parameters were determined microscopically: length, width, outer and inner area of the follicles and thyrocyte height. The representation of individual size categories of follicles was also determined. The average content of urinary iodine in the observed group was 350.8+-184.3 ug/l, the maximum was 608 ug/l and the minimum was 76 ug/l. Optimally saturated with iodine was 44.44 % of individuals, 11.11 % had a deficiency and 44.44 % an excess of iodine. The average length of the thyroid follicle was 149.3+-64.8 um, width 105.9+-50.6 um, outer area 16810.6+-18030.0 um2, inner area 14318.4+-16985.2 um2 and thyrocyte height 6.2+-2.6 um. In the thyroid glands was 9.4 % small, 62.8 % medium and 27.8 % large follicles. In the selected group of individuals, the impact of different iodine saturation of animals on all monitored thyroid parameters was demonstrated.
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The condition of thyroid gland of slaughter cattle
PEKSA, Zdeněk
Thyroid is very important for the proper functioning of metabolism. Its hormones have a major impact on the correct development of metabolism.The aim of my work was to identify and evaluate various histometrical parameters of the thyroid gland in cattle. It was total collected 23 pieces of the thyroid gland (from 19 cows and 4 bulls). In determining the weight of the thyroid gland differences were found between cows and bulls (average value of the weight of the thyroid gland in bulls reached 33.28{$\pm$}8.12 g in cows this indicator reached a value of 55.12{$\pm$}35.52 g). It was also found positive correlation between (r = 0.33) weight of the thyroid gland and age of animals. One of the most important histometric parameters of the thyroid gland was the length of follicle. By the help of this criterion follicles were divided into three size categories. The large follicles in bulls reached at average 273.25 {$\pm$}86.75 {$\mu$}m and in cows 269.63{$\pm$}81.75{$\mu$}m. The size of medium follicles in bulls fluctuated around an average 124.3{$\pm$}26.77 m and in cows 122.92{$\pm$}24.94 {$\mu$}m. The small follicles in bulls take the values at average 31.33{$\pm$}7.24 {$\mu$}m and in cows 58.96{$\pm$}11.81 {$\mu$}m. Furthermore, differences in the percentage representation of separate size fractions of follicles were found. The percentage reprezentation of large follicles in bulls was 37.92{$\pm$}6.22 % and 28.29{$\pm$}14.77 % in cows. There were 49.17{$\pm$}5.35 % medium follicles in bulls and 39.80{$\pm$}9.05 % in cows. Small follicles were present in 8.75{$\pm$}3.82 % in bulls and 31.91{$\pm$}16.27 % in cows. The high of epithelium in cows reached a value 8.87{$\pm$}1.84 {$\mu$}m, 9.59{$\pm$}1.25{$\mu$}m in bulls. It was also found a negative correlation (r =- 0.62) between the weight of thyroid and high of epithelium. In sheep, it was found 28.72{$\pm$}15.46 % of large follicles, 40.78{$\pm$}7.87 % of medium follicles and 30.5{$\pm$}11.34 % of small follicles. In lambs there were 3.28{$\pm$}3.48 % of large follicles, 57.38{$\pm$}20.51% of medium follicles and 39.34{$\pm$}23.15% of small follicles. The height of the epithelium in sheep was 6.19{$\pm$}0.49 {$\mu$}m and in lambs 6.00{$\pm$}1.18 {$\mu$}m. Exept this indicator, statistically significant differences (P<0,05) were found between all the other indicators of sheep and lambs.
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Thyroid disorders in pregnancy - immunoendocrinological and metabolic aspects
Vítková, Hana ; Jiskra, Jan (advisor) ; Kosák, Mikuláš (referee) ; Posová, Helena (referee)
Background: The immunological, hormonal and metabolic changes occur during pregnancy and increase the risk of developing some diseases. The aims of this study were: to compare serum concentrations of antibodies against C1q component of complement (anti-C1q) and mannose-binding lectin (MBL) in pregnant women with autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) and healthy pregnant women and to compare urinary iodine concentration (UIC), neonatal thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and other thyroid laboratory parameters in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and healthy pregnant women. Patients and methods: The "anti-C1q" study included 96 pregnant women with AITD and three control groups: 80 healthy pregnant women, 72 non-pregnant women with AITD and 72 healthy blood donors. The "MBL" study included 212 pregnant women with AITD and 80 healthy pregnant women, and the "urinary iodine concentration" study included 195 pregnant women with GDM and 88 healthy pregnant women. Anti-C1q and MBL concentrations were measured by ELISA, UIC by absorption spectrophotometry after previous alkaline demineralization, and other parameters by standard immunoassay. Results: The anti-C1q and MBL serum concentrations were higher in pregnant women with AITD compared to controls. The anti-C1q concentrations were...
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