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The numerical analysis of interactions between twins and precipitates in magnesium alloys
Bogdan, Miloš ; Gröger, Roman (oponent) ; Šiška, Filip (vedoucí práce)
The main objective of this thesis is to analyse the stress fields induced by twinning and their alteration due to the presence of precipitates at the twin tips. Analysed case describes {1012} 101 1 tensile twin with lamellar precipitates in magnesium alloy AZ31. The system is modelled using FE method as the 2D elastic elliptical inclusion with two rod like elastic precipitates in front of the ellipse embedded in plastic matrix modelled using crystal plasticity theory. Analysis of twins and precipitates with different thickness shows the inhibitory effect of precipitates on twin thickening. An intensity of this effect is changing with the twin thickness due to the complex interaction between twin, precipitate and induced plastic zone.
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Jednopákové systémy ovládání pístové pohonné jednotky
Gröger, Roman ; Cäsar, Tomáš (oponent) ; Šplíchal, Miroslav (vedoucí práce)
Tato bakalářská práce popisuje práci letadlových pístových pohonných jednotek a jednopákové systémy jejich ovládání. V první části jsou popsány charakteristiky pístových motorů a jejich regulační veličiny. Druhá část popisuje práci pístových motorů se stavitelnou vrtulí. Třetí a čtvrtá část pojednává o jednopákových systémech ovládání pístové pohonné jednotky, uvádí jejich porovnání a možné problémy vznikající při jejich ovládání.
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Extended defects in Ga and Al nitrides
Vacek, Petr ; Holec, David (oponent) ; Hospodková,, Alice (oponent) ; Gröger, Roman (vedoucí práce)
III-nitrides crystallize in the hexagonal (wurtzite) structure, whereas the cubic (zincblende, sphalerite) structure is metastable with only slightly higher energy. Their physical properties are strongly affected by the presence of extended defects that are of different kinds in the two structures. In wurtzite III-nitrides, these are primarily threading dislocations, some of which are known to generate deep defect states in the bandgap, through which they affect the electrical and optoelectronic properties of devices. On the other hand, zincblende III-nitrides contain a large density of stacking faults that facilitate local transformations into the more stable wurtzite structure. The aim of this work is to characterize the extended defects in both crystal structures using a combination of electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. We demonstrate that (0001)-oriented samples of GaN/AlN and AlN grown on Si (111) substrate by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition contain a large density of threading dislocations. Their Burgers vectors are mostly parallel to the a-direction of the wurtzite lattice, followed by the Burgers vectors parallel to the a+c-direction, whereas the dislocations with Burgers vectors parallel to the c-direction are relatively rare. The probable origin of threading dislocations is discussed according to the type of the film growth. Prismatic stacking faults were found in thin AlN nucleation layers but were not present in the thicker layers. Amorphous layer composed of SiNx and partially of AlN was found at the AlN/Si interface. We propose that this amorphous layer could have a major role in the relief of misfit strain. Analysis of electrical activity of extended defects in AlN was done using electron beam induced current technique. We have found that threading dislocations cause a weak drop of induced current. However, due to their high density and uniform distribution, they have larger impact on electrical properties than V-defects and their clusters. The topographical and crystallographic defects were studied in as-grown and annealed nucleation layers of zincblende GaN grown on 3C-SiC (001) / Si (001) substrate. The sizes of surface features on as-grown samples increase with the thickness of the nucleation layer and are enhanced by annealing. The surface coverage of GaN with the thinnest nucleation layers is reduced after annealing due to diffusion and desorption (or etching by reactor atmosphere). The stacking faults found in GaN near its interface with SiC were mostly of the intrinsic type bounded by Shockley partial dislocations. The origin of these stacking faults was discussed as well as the impact of partial dislocations on the strain relief. Due to the abundance of stacking faults, their interactions were studied in detail. Based on our findings, we have developed a theoretical model of stacking fault annihilation in zincblende GaN films. This model is shown to be able to predict the decrease of the stacking fault density with increasing film thickness.
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Optimization of magnetic nanoparticles for hyperthermia in viscous environments
Sojková, Tereza ; Fabián,, Martin (oponent) ; Hovorka,, Ondrej (oponent) ; Gröger, Roman (vedoucí práce)
Single-domain superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles play a significant role in magnetic hyperthermia, a promising therapeutic method that can potentially treat any kind of tumor. It is generally known that cancer cells are more sensitive to elevated temperatures than healthy cells. This observation makes the tumors particularly sensitive to localized overheating in the process of magnetic hyperthermia, where superparamagnetic nanoparticles with diameters of 10-50 nm serve as the carriers of heat under applied AC magnetic field with the frequency of hundreds of kHz. The key parameter that determines the efficiency of nanoparticles is the specific absorption rate, which is a complex function of the shape, size, and surface coating of these particles. Moreover, the duration of exposure to AC fields is limited by the tendency of these nanoparticles to aggregation when used in vivo. The aim of this thesis is to develop a synthesis protocol for the preparation of monodisperse iron oxide NPs, which exhibit high values of SAR and good colloidal stability. The nanoparticles were prepared by two types of chemical synthesis: coprecipitation and thermal decomposition. The impact of reaction conditions on the size, shape, and magnetic properties of these nanoparticles was investigated. Thermal decomposition was found to be a better option for the preparation of monodisperse iron oxide nanoparticles, where especially the core-shell nanocubes were examined in more detail. Dynamic light scattering in conjunction with transmission and scanning electron microscopies were used to investigate their size, degree of polydispersity, colloidal stability, and morphology. The phase composition of nanoparticles was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, Mössbauer spectroscopy, and electron energy loss spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction was used to study phase transformations in core-shell nanoparticles. Their magnetic properties were investigated using vibrating sample magnetometry and using electron holography. Moreover, the best candidates were evaluated for use in magnetic hyperthermia, magnetic particle imaging (MPI), and magnetic resonance imaging to inspect nanoparticles' broader application potential. This work expands the knowledge on size-dependent core-shell iron oxide nanoparticles for high-performance bio-applications. The results for 20 nm nanocubes after full phase transformation show very good heating capabilities for use in magnetic hyperthermia and three times higher MPI signal compared to the commercially used tracer.
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Low-temperature plastic deformation of BCC metals with internal magnetic order
Holzer, Jakub ; Máthis,, Kristián (oponent) ; Mrověc, Matouš (oponent) ; Gröger, Roman (vedoucí práce)
While plastic deformation of body-centered cubic (bcc) metals at low temperatures is now well understood, the effect of internal magnetic order on mechanical properties and the effect of plastic deformation of internal magnetic order remain largely unexplained. The aim of this thesis is to elucidate the low-temperature plastic deformation of -iron and chromium with focus on magnetism. It is investigated by slip-trace analysis of deformed specimens, electron backscattered diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) where necessary. The internal magnetic order in chromium is explored by means of magnetic neutron diffraction at SINQ facility of the Paul Scherrer Institute in Switzerland. The vibrating vample magnetometry is utilized to look for changes in mass susceptibility in order to discriminate between different magnetic states. The anomalous slip was found in a deformed chromium specimen for the first time. The dislocation network responsible for the anomalous slip is characterized by the g · b analysis in TEM, where a network of 1/2111 intersecting screw dislocations and their 100 junctions were observed to form on low-stressed {110} planes. Furthermore, twins produced by antitwinning shear were found in chromium, but not in -Fe. This phenomenon is explained using atomistic simulations employing semi-empirical interatomic potentials. The magnetism in -iron is studied by the vibrating sample magnetometry and the results are reconciled using the Jiles-Atherton model. The magnetic domains in -Fe were imaged by the Kerr microscopy and the results show that twins can effectively block the movement of domain walls and nucleate new ones.
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Extended defects in Ga and Al nitrides
Vacek, Petr ; Holec, David (oponent) ; Hospodková,, Alice (oponent) ; Gröger, Roman (vedoucí práce)
III-nitrides crystallize in the hexagonal (wurtzite) structure, whereas the cubic (zincblende, sphalerite) structure is metastable with only slightly higher energy. Their physical properties are strongly affected by the presence of extended defects that are of different kinds in the two structures. In wurtzite III-nitrides, these are primarily threading dislocations, some of which are known to generate deep defect states in the bandgap, through which they affect the electrical and optoelectronic properties of devices. On the other hand, zincblende III-nitrides contain a large density of stacking faults that facilitate local transformations into the more stable wurtzite structure. The aim of this work is to characterize the extended defects in both crystal structures using a combination of electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. We demonstrate that (0001)-oriented samples of GaN/AlN and AlN grown on Si (111) substrate by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition contain a large density of threading dislocations. Their Burgers vectors are mostly parallel to the a-direction of the wurtzite lattice, followed by the Burgers vectors parallel to the a+c-direction, whereas the dislocations with Burgers vectors parallel to the c-direction are relatively rare. The probable origin of threading dislocations is discussed according to the type of the film growth. Prismatic stacking faults were found in thin AlN nucleation layers but were not present in the thicker layers. Amorphous layer composed of SiNx and partially of AlN was found at the AlN/Si interface. We propose that this amorphous layer could have a major role in the relief of misfit strain. Analysis of electrical activity of extended defects in AlN was done using electron beam induced current technique. We have found that threading dislocations cause a weak drop of induced current. However, due to their high density and uniform distribution, they have larger impact on electrical properties than V-defects and their clusters. The topographical and crystallographic defects were studied in as-grown and annealed nucleation layers of zincblende GaN grown on 3C-SiC (001) / Si (001) substrate. The sizes of surface features on as-grown samples increase with the thickness of the nucleation layer and are enhanced by annealing. The surface coverage of GaN with the thinnest nucleation layers is reduced after annealing due to diffusion and desorption (or etching by reactor atmosphere). The stacking faults found in GaN near its interface with SiC were mostly of the intrinsic type bounded by Shockley partial dislocations. The origin of these stacking faults was discussed as well as the impact of partial dislocations on the strain relief. Due to the abundance of stacking faults, their interactions were studied in detail. Based on our findings, we have developed a theoretical model of stacking fault annihilation in zincblende GaN films. This model is shown to be able to predict the decrease of the stacking fault density with increasing film thickness.
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Jednopákové systémy ovládání pístové pohonné jednotky
Gröger, Roman ; Cäsar, Tomáš (oponent) ; Šplíchal, Miroslav (vedoucí práce)
Tato bakalářská práce popisuje práci letadlových pístových pohonných jednotek a jednopákové systémy jejich ovládání. V první části jsou popsány charakteristiky pístových motorů a jejich regulační veličiny. Druhá část popisuje práci pístových motorů se stavitelnou vrtulí. Třetí a čtvrtá část pojednává o jednopákových systémech ovládání pístové pohonné jednotky, uvádí jejich porovnání a možné problémy vznikající při jejich ovládání.
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Thermodynamics of Dislocation Pattern Formation at the Mesoscale
Gröger, Roman
We introduce a mesoscopic framework that is capable of simulating the evolution of dislocation networks and, at the same time, spatial variations of the stress, strain and displacement fields throughout the body. Within this model, dislocations are viewed as sources of incompatibility of strains. The free energy of a deformed solid is represented by the elastic strain energy that can be augmented by gradient terms to reproduce dispersive nature of acoustic phonons and thus set the length scale of the problem. The elastic strain field that is due to a known dislocation network is obtained by minimizing the strain energy subject to the corresponding field of incompatibility constraints. These stresses impose Peach-Koehler forces on all dislocations and thus drive the evolution of the dislocation network.
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The numerical analysis of interactions between twins and precipitates in magnesium alloys
Bogdan, Miloš ; Gröger, Roman (oponent) ; Šiška, Filip (vedoucí práce)
The main objective of this thesis is to analyse the stress fields induced by twinning and their alteration due to the presence of precipitates at the twin tips. Analysed case describes {1012} 101 1 tensile twin with lamellar precipitates in magnesium alloy AZ31. The system is modelled using FE method as the 2D elastic elliptical inclusion with two rod like elastic precipitates in front of the ellipse embedded in plastic matrix modelled using crystal plasticity theory. Analysis of twins and precipitates with different thickness shows the inhibitory effect of precipitates on twin thickening. An intensity of this effect is changing with the twin thickness due to the complex interaction between twin, precipitate and induced plastic zone.
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