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Women's peacebuilding civil society organisations and empowerment: A case Study of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Novotná, Zuzana ; Bureš, Oldřich (vedoucí práce) ; Aslan, Emil (oponent)
Ženy jsou v politice nedostatečně zastoupeny a málokdy se účastní oficiálních mírových procesů, proto se často mobilizují v občanské společnosti. Politický empowerment žen je navíc stále nedostatečně prostudován. Práce se zabývá tím, jak organizace občanské společnosti pro budování míru ovlivňují politický empowerment žen. Pro zodpovězení výzkumné otázky bylo analyzováno pět organizací občanské společnosti pro budování míru žen z Bosny a Hercegoviny s pomocí konceptu politického empowermentu. Organizace sdílejí myšlenky pacifismu a genderové rovnosti. Výzkum došel k závěru, že se angažují ve všech dimenzích koncepčního rámce, ale nejvýrazněji se zaměřují na posílení agency. Organizace poskytují ženám bezpečný prostor pro sdílení zkušeností a nalézání hlasu. Všechny zkoumané organizace také bojují proti genderově podmíněnému násilí a poskytují ženám právní pomoc. Členství v různých sítích a iniciativách bylo identifikováno jako důležitý prvek. I když organizace neuvádí, že cílem projektů na politický empowerment žen je přispět k budování míru, stále tak projekt může být vnímán díky pozitivní vazbě mezi genderovou rovností a udržitelným mírem.
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Retreat in Multiculturalism Policies? A Case Study of Sweden's Integration Policy in the Aftermath of the Migrant Crisis of 2015
Budathoki, Sunaina ; Gaynor, Niamh (vedoucí práce) ; Bureš, Oldřich (oponent) ; Paterson, Ian (oponent)
In the last few decades, the multiculturalism backlash has manifested in Europe. Too often, the discourse on multiculturalism has been deemed a result of misguided policies. In the autumn of 2015, the entry of asylum seekers reached an unprecedented level with approximately 100,000 individuals requesting asylum in a span of just three months. As a result of the extraordinary flow of asylum seekers and insufficient domestic preparedness, Sweden implemented temporary legislation on providing permanent residence and family reunification. This change in legislation was met with vast criticism as a retreat from multiculturalism towards an assimilationist model of integration. At the same time, the far- right anti-immigration political party, the Sweden Democrats were gaining a stronger support base and changing the political landscape of the country often commended for its reception of refugees, openness and officially declared multicultural policies. Was there really a retreat in multiculturalism in Sweden as an aftermath of the Migrant Crisis? Was this retreat rhetorical and/or at a policy level as well? This research examines Sweden's integration policies post-2015 based on Stephen Castles' theoretical underpinning regarding policy reactions to immigration and an eight-part framework designed by Will...
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Pakistani Foreign Fighters in Afghanistan, Kashmir and Syria: A Comparative Analysis of Drivers of Radicalization
Rani, Mehwish ; Bureš, Oldřich (vedoucí práce) ; Anceschi, Luca (oponent) ; Biagini, Erika (oponent)
This study compares the drivers of radicalization of Pakistani foreign fighters in Afghanistan, Kashmir and Syria. It tries to understand what unique drivers attract Pakistani foreign fighters to each of these conflict zones. It also examines the degree to which the existing literature on radicalization in general and foreign fighters in particular, mainly produced in a western context, can be used to understand the Pakistani foreign fighters. The study is based on twenty- two semi-structured interviews conducted with experts from police counter terrorism departments, journalists, researchers, senior officials from National Counter Terrorism Authority, and members of religious groups in Pakistan, which were then analysed to determine the relative significance of different drivers for Pakistani fighters travelling to Kashmir, Afghanistan, and Syria. The results show that many drivers that feature prominently in the existing radicalization literature, such as ideology, propaganda, and recruitment networks, are useful for explaining what draws Pakistani foreign fighters to particular conflicts. At the same time, however, the results of my analysis also identified several drivers that have not been highlighted in the Western literature on Muslim radicalization thus far, including geographical proximity...
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CSDP Operations in the Course of UN Peacekeeping: An Assessment of Their Impact on Mission Effectiveness
Marek, Maximilian ; Kilroy, Walt (vedoucí práce) ; Smith, David (oponent) ; Bureš, Oldřich (oponent)
Examining the impact of military CSDP operations on UN peacekeeping missions, this thesis looks at their mission effectiveness through the derived factors mandate, composition of forces, support, and conflict management. The case studies of Operation Artemis (2003), EUFOR Chad/CAR (2008-2009), and EUTM Mali (from 2013 onwards) show that the impact of CSDP operations on UN peacekeeping is of limited extent. The lack of political will of influential member states within the EU as well as the UN prevent a greater impact, highlighting the vast discrepancy between the EU's potential and the actual effect of CSDP engagements in course of UN peacekeeping. Furthermore, the cases also show that CSDP operations are mostly a product of initiatives by individual member states. Only where the initiating country is sufficiently able to instrumentalise social and institutional networks, and to secure the support of the remaining member states, was the implementation of a CSDP operation actually possible. Additionally, the case studies reveal that the nature of CSDP operations alongside UN peacekeeping transformed from peace- enforcement in 2003 to a rather peace-building nature in 2013 and onwards.
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The 'Uploading' and 'Downloading' of the European Union's Counterterrorism 'Prevent' Policy 2005-2016: A British Case Study
Templeton, Ellie Grace ; Bureš, Oldřich (vedoucí práce) ; Butler, Eamonn (oponent) ; Dowd, Caitriona (oponent)
The 2004 Madrid bombings marked the deadliest Islamic terrorist attack to take place in European history, and followed by the London bombings in 2005, constituted a significant turning point for the European Union (EU) with both the materialisation of a 'distinctive, separate and multi-dimensional' counterterrorism policy domain and the collective recognition for the need to internally prevent radicalisation and terrorism. However, operating within a multilevel European security field marked by national sovereignty, it has questioned to what extent the EU has subsequently impacted and shaped member states' counterterrorism policy. Moreover, with a mutual reaction to the 2004/2005 attacks, the analogous adoption of 'Prevent' strategy, and as a leading member state in advanced counterterrorism practice, the United Kingdom (UK) has further questioned not only the extent to which national policy has been impacted by, but has impacted, EU-level policy. By employing Britain as a longitudinal case study, this thesis thereby examines to what extent the UK and EU have 'uploaded' and 'downloaded' counterterrorism 'Prevent' policy to the respective European and national level, with the aim to provide new insight into the processes and levels of Europeanisation within the EU's post-2005 counterterrorism policy...
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Timely Expansion of the Security-Liberty Balance: Norm Diffusion and Convergence between the EU and UN in Counterterrorism Sanctions Regimes and the Impact of Kadi
Turcsan, Virag Imola ; Bureš, Oldřich (vedoucí práce) ; Aliyev, Huseyn (oponent) ; Biagini, Erika (oponent)
[Dissertation Title: Timely Expansion of the Security-Liberty Balance: Norm Diffusion and Convergence between the EU and UN in Counterterrorism Sanctions Regimes and the Impact of Kadi] [Submission Date: July 2020] [Glasgow Student Number: 2095315] [Dublin City Student Number: 18114741] [Charles Student Number: 87084963] [Student Name: Virag Imola Turcsan] Presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of International Master in Security, Intelligence, and Strategic Studies Word Count: 21990 Supervisor: Professor Oldrich Bures Date of Submission: 30.07.2020. Abstract The September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks have significantly impacted the international community and its approach to counterterrorism. By prioritising security norms over those of human rights, the security-liberty balance was tipped towards security in the immediate aftermath of 9/11, resulting in long- term negative consequences for human rights and civil liberties. The United Nations and its Security Council (UNSC) was no exception to this trend and had enacted far-reaching measures within its targeted counterterrorism sanctions regimes that limited human rights guaranteed by international laws, conventions, and treaties. This thesis looks at the evolution of the UNSC targeted counterterrorism sanctions regimes from 1999...
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Effectiveness of Countering Violent Extremism and De-radicalisation Strategy: A comparative analysis between the United States and the United Kingdom
Islam, Md Badrul ; Fitzgerald, James (vedoucí práce) ; Kaczmarski, Marcin (oponent) ; Bureš, Oldřich (oponent)
Different states have taken a significant number of countering violent extremism and de-radicalisation strategies all over the world. However, the effectiveness of these policies does not discuss so much. Sometimes governments claim success regarding their strategies. Nevertheless, these claims are questionable because of the lack of empirical evidence. The literature on CVE significantly highlights the importance of CVE campaigns with different programmes: de-radicalisation, disengagement, rehabilitation, and reintegration. However, the research on the evaluation of CVE and de- radicalisation programme around the world is limited. Therefore, this research has tried to contribute to this issue. This research has used the comparative case study method and selected the cases of the CVE and de-radicalisation strategies of the United States and the United Kingdom. This research finds that both US and UK CVE strategies predominantly focus on the Muslim, which stigmatised the Muslim community and reinforced Islamic stereotypes. Therefore, it creates 'Muslim' as a 'suspect community' that is alienating Muslims. For the US case, the right-wing extremism is increasing especially against Muslim and Jewish religious figures and institutions, but the government are giving less attention to this issue. The...
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Dopady pandemie COVID-19 na percepci migrace do ČR
Poláková, Michaela ; Karásek, Tomáš (vedoucí práce) ; Bureš, Oldřich (oponent)
Diplomová práce se zabývá zkoumáním dopadů pandemie COVID-19 na percepci migrace do České republiky skrze optiku teorie sekuritizace. Propuknutí pandemie COVID-19 znamenalo celosvětový milník ve vývoji všech oblastí běžného života, které byly v mnoha případech s okamžitou platností pozastaveny s cílem zamezit šíření nakažlivého onemocnění, a migrace v tomto případě nebyla výjimkou. Po vyhlášení nouzového stavu v České republice z důvodu ohrožení zdraví v souvislosti s novým koronavirem v březnu 2020 byl následně zakázán vstup všem cizincům do země, a na dobu neurčitou zastavena veškerá migrační řízení. Projekt pracuje s hypotézou, že migrace byla sekuritizována skrze tato omezení přijatá s cílem zastavení šíření nákazy, ve jménu ochrany veřejného zdraví. Práce analyzuje změny v percepci migrace v porovnání s předpandemickou situací, kroky české vlády směrem k migraci v době pandemie, a její vnímání. Cílem této práce je tak přiblížit změny v percepci migrace vlivem propuknutí pandemie COVID-19, a popsat, jak tyto změny ovlivnily další sekuritizaci migrace.
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A changing security environment and hybrid threats: the use of shelter theory in Maltese security
Ellul, Mark ; Weiss, Tomáš (vedoucí práce) ; Bureš, Oldřich (oponent)
In recent years, the security environment of the European Union has changed with security threats and concerns obscuring the traditional boundaries of internal and external security matters. This poses a challenge for Member States by way of being required to necessarily adapt and create structures which address such a new reality. A small southern littoral Member State, Malta has traditionally taken a security approach which emphasizes military guarantees and security assurances. The changing security environment and the rise of hybrid threats may alter this approach. Hybrid threats are actions conducted by state and non-state actors through military and non-military means with the goal of undermining a target. These threats have been present in the past. However, their effectiveness has significantly increased through their proliferation into several domains and the use of innovative technologies in recent years. A specificity of hybrid threats is their use to obscure internal and external security concerns undermining democratic institutions, targeting critical infrastructures, and influencing entire populations. Small state literature considers that because such states have been exposed to non-conventional threats, hybrid threats that impact cybersecurity and critical infrastructures are...
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Hodnocení ne-úspěšnosti operací na udržení míru v Sieře Leone, Mozambiku a Rwandě
Novosad, Jan ; Bureš, Oldřich (vedoucí práce) ; Karlas, Jan (oponent)
Operace na udržení míru OSN se za dobu své existence staly často využívaným nástrojem k řešení akutních krizí v mezinárodních vztazích. Dlouhá léta nebyla jejich úspěšnost či neúspěšnost vědecky vyhodnocována. To se začalo v posledních letech měnit. Tato práce popisuje evaluační rámce představené třemi autory a poté je aplikuje na tři případy, v nichž došlo k nasazení mírové operace (Sierra Leone, Mozambik a Rwanda) a snaží se ověřit, zda v literatuře implikovaná, avšak dosud nedostatečně empiricky prokázaná domněnka o tom, že Page Fortna nabízí příliš optimistický a Diehl s Druckmanem příliš pesimistický evaluační rámec, je podpořena empirickou realitou. Tyto přístupy jsou doplněněy evaluačními kritérii navrženými Daryiou Pushkinou, které slouží jako evaluační mainstream.
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