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Modeling and Simulation of Incentive Mechanisms in Ethereum
Burianová, Tereza ; Fiedor, Jan (oponent) ; Perešíni, Martin (vedoucí práce)
The topic of this thesis is the Ethereum incentive mechanism, in particular the changes introduced in EIP-1559. The aim of the thesis is to investigate the behaviour and propose any potential improvements in case of discovered flaws. The previously used first price auction mechanism required users to choose the incentive arbitrarily, which led to overpaying and high fee volatility. These problems occurred mainly due to higher network utilization after the popularization of projects such as decentralized finance, NFT collections, and the metaverse. The new incentive mechanism introduced the variable block size, which can adapt to the current network usage. Base fee, a value that indicates the minimum fee needed to include the transaction in the block, is then calculated based on the utilization of the previous block, making the fees more predictable. Several simulation experiments were proposed to investigate the typical behaviour and possible weaknesses of the mechanism. Finally, a possible improvement was found, and future research was proposed. The goals of the thesis were achieved, and the results were presented in the thesis.
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I/O Virtualization in Networking
Perešíni, Martin ; Kekely, Lukáš (oponent) ; Martínek, Tomáš (vedoucí práce)
There are many different reasons for companies and organizations to invest in virtualization today, but it is probably safe to assume that financial motivation is number one on the list. Virtualization can save a lot of money. This thesis deals with the problem of I/O virtualization in the network environment in order to keep pace with this trend. The ultimate goal of this thesis is to develop working I/O virtualization software drivers that operate with FPGA-accelerated cards, thus enhancing their potential even more and saving the operational costs of big data centers. Their main benefits should be re-usability (flexibility) in a virtualized environment with the smallest possible performance loss. The theoretical part deals with current trends in I/O virtualization, technologies such as virtio, vhost, SR-IOV, VFIO and mediated devices. The practical part of this thesis suggests two ways of addressing this problematic. The first is to use software-emulation virtio technology. The second is based on the hybrid paravirtualization VFIO-mdev technology. Both approaches have different benefits in terms of performance and device manageability. Each solution's use case has its own drawback, like the complexity of the solution and the problematic integration into the system. The desired goals were achieved and manifested in the final form of the prototype driver nfb_mdev.
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Mobile Cryptocurrency Wallet Based on zk-SNARKs and Smart Contracts
Slávka, Samuel ; Perešíni, Martin (oponent) ; Homoliak, Ivan (vedoucí práce)
The goal of this thesis is to propose and implement a framework for cryptocurrency wallets. The framework optimizes light client storage and bandwidth requirements in mobile devices. We propose a side-chain mechanism that validates blockchain header chains and creates zero-knowledge proofs. Furthermore, the framework stores the results of proof verification inside an Ethereum Smart contract. The Smart contract supports fork handling and storing header chains for multiple different blockchains. Light mobile clients using this framework can update their local header chain from checkpoints created by the proof verifications results stored in the Smart Contract. This thesis includes an implementation of a mobile wallet using this framework for synchronization with multiple blockchains.
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IoT Gateways Network Communication Analysis
Zbořil, Jan ; Perešíni, Martin (oponent) ; Malinka, Kamil (vedoucí práce)
Modern IoT gateways are mainly developed by private companies behind closed doors. This results in a closed ecosystem, where only a tiny amount of information about traffic is available to the public. Therefore, to gain knowledge regarding the operation and communication of such gateways, it is necessary to examine and analyse network traffic flowing to and from such gateways. This thesis's primary goal is to capture and process network traffic data of multiple commercially available gateways intended for home use, analyse their communication behaviour, compare the results to other studies carried out in this area, and discuss possible attacks on used gateways, based on gathered data. Communication data were obtained by deploying a controlled environment and analysed using Zeek, together with Wireshark software. Collected communication data can be further used by researchers in the areas of networking or security.
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Adaptive Trading Strategies for Cryptocurrencies
Filip, Marek ; Perešíni, Martin (oponent) ; Homoliak, Ivan (vedoucí práce)
Cryptocurrency trading strategies are based on either rising or falling markets, however, they fail when applied to the wrong trend in a volatile market. This thesis explores the idea of cryptocurrency trading in rising and falling markets with adaptive strategies that can adjust to current market trends in order to maximize effectiveness. The problem is solved by analyzing the Bitcoin price, creating risk metric and focusing on the function's extrema. Both long-term and short-term options are explored. An extensible backtester program is created to evaluate the strategies and plot the time series. The results are compared to traditional approaches like HODL and rebalance, the profits can multiply more than three times using the right criteria. The thesis offers new ways of gaining profit to cryptocurrency investors, as well as giving readers insight into creating (adaptive) trading strategies and backtesting them in code. The output of the thesis is expected to be used by automated trading systems.
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Detekce škodlivých doménových jmen
Setinský, Jiří ; Perešíni, Martin (oponent) ; Tisovčík, Peter (vedoucí práce)
Bakalářská práce pojednává o detekování uměle vygenerovaných doménových jmen (DGA). Vygenerované adresy slouží jako komunikační prostředek mezi útočníkem a nakaženým počítačem. Detekcí můžeme odhalit a vystopovat nakažené počítače v síti. Samotné detekci předchází prostudování technik strojového učení, které budou následně aplikovány při tvorbě detektoru. Pro vytvoření výsledného klasifikátoru v podobě rozhodovacího stromu bylo potřeba analyzovat podobu DGA adres. Na základě jejich charakteristiky se extrahovaly atributy, podle kterých se bude výsledný klasifikátor rozhodovat. Po natrénování klasifikačního modelu na trénovací sadě byl klasifikátor implementován v cílové platformě NEMEA jako detekční modul. Po finálních optimalizacích a testování jsme dosáhli úspěšnosti klasifikátoru 99%, což je velmi pozitivní výsledek. NEMEA modul je připraven pro nasazení do reálného provozu, aby mohl detekovat bezpečnostní incidenty. Kromě NEMEA modulu byl dodatečně vytvořen model na predikování úspěšnosti datových sad s doménovými jmény. Model je natrénován na základě charakteristiky datové sady a úspěšnosti DGA detektoru, jehož chování chceme predikovat.
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Software and Hardware Based Fault Injection Attacks against the CPU and MCU
Lörinc, Marek ; Hanáček, Petr (oponent) ; Perešíni, Martin (vedoucí práce)
The thesis deals with attacks that cause faults in CPU and MCU calculations. A short voltage change in CPU or MCU is used to trigger the error. The theoretical part of the thesis deals with the description of how to cause and exploit these errors. This section also describes the most well-known protection against hardware attacks, which is a trusted execution environment (TEE). Inject a fault to TEE is the primary target of fault attacks. The practical part deals with the replication of PlunderVolt and VoltPillager attacks on Intel processors with an activated TEE SGX. Several experiments were performed to trigger faults in RSA and AES encryption within the SGX enclave. To obtain the encryption key from these errors, known analysis methods were used. The practical part also deals with the replication of the attack on ARM microcontrollers with an active TEE TrustZone-M.
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Security and Performance Testbed for Simulation of Proof-of-Stake Protocols
Hud, Jakub ; Perešíni, Martin (oponent) ; Homoliak, Ivan (vedoucí práce)
This thesis deals with testing the security and performance of PoS-based protocols. Comparison of ProPos, Algorand, Hedera, Ouroboros and Tezos is presented on theoretical level in terms of performance, attack vulnerabilities and attacks mitigation. This thesis includes a simulation framework for testing Algorand, ProPos and Hedera protocols. The simulation framework is created using Omnet++ 5.4.1. Focus of the simulation experiments is on the performance of the selected protocols. Based on the results of the experiments a few improvements are discussed.
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Fast Synchronization of New Nodes in the Fantom Opera Platform
Mlejnek, Matěj ; Homoliak, Ivan (oponent) ; Perešíni, Martin (vedoucí práce)
The goal of this master thesis is to research current ways of fast synchronization of new nodes in blockchain networks, considering different consenses. Then to compare these solutions, design feasible solution and then implement the new fast synchronisation for blockchain network Fantom Opera. The solution is based on an idea where new node in network doesn't connect to P2P network, but directly connects to one of the nodes and downloads just the necessary data to be synchronized with rest of network as fast as possible.
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Utilization of Blockchain Technology in the Area of Mechanical Engineering
Džupa, Oliver ; Perešíni, Martin (oponent) ; Tamaškovič, Marek (vedoucí práce)
This bachelor’s thesis focuses on utilization of blockchain technology in the area of mechanical engineering. The first part is devoted to a full understanding of blockchain and smart contracts. The second part summarizes the use cases for both mechanical engineering and non-mechanical engineering fields and identifies features presented by blockchain. The third part is focused on case studies of conceptual utilization of blockchains in mechanical engineering and comparison with centralized solutions.
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