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Povědomí veřejnosti o nemoci AIDS
Müllerová, Ilona ; Vinopal, Jiří (vedoucí práce) ; Kyselá, Eva (oponent)
Cílem této práce je zhodnotit postavení HIV pozitivních osob ve společnosti. Pro splnění cíle a představení uceleného vývoje postavení HIV pozitivních osob budou použity interpretace a analýza výzkumů, od těch vůbec prvních až po ty nejaktuálnější. Výzkumy, které se v práci objeví, jsou zaměřené na znalosti a postoje k HIV pozitivním lidem. Aby bylo možné zachytit vývoje informovanosti a postojů k problematice HIV/AIDS v čase, jsou výzkumy představeny chronologicky, a posledním výzkumem je vlastní dotazníkové šetření. Smyslem práce je upozornit na problém stigmatizace a diskriminace osob s HIV. HIV/AIDS problematika je komplexní problém, který se dotýká širokého spektra vědeckých oborů, proto se v práci objeví kromě sociologických diskurzů i témata z medicíny, práva a psychologie. Klíčová slova: HIV, AIDS, homosexualita, užívání drog, prevence, stigmatizace
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Transmission of very slow electrons as a diagnostic tool
Frank, Luděk ; Nebesářová, Jana ; Vancová, Marie ; Paták, Aleš ; Mikmeková, Eliška ; Müllerová, Ilona
The penetration of electrons through solids is retarded by sequences of their interactions with the matter in which the electron changes its direction of motion and loses its energy. Inelastic collisions, the intensity of which reaches a maximum at around 50 electronvolts (eV) and drops steeply on both sides of this fuzzy threshold, are decisive for the penetration of electrons. Transmission microscopy (TEM or STEM) observes thin samples of tens to hundreds of nanometres in thickness by passing electrons of energies of tens to hundreds of kiloelectronvolts through them. The range below 50 eV has recently been utilized in the examination of surfaces with reflected electrons, where high image resolution is achieved thanks to the retardation of electrons close to the sample surface in the ´cathode lens´ . In this lens, the role of the cathode is played by the sample itself, biased to a high negative potential. This principle can also be utilized in the transmission mode with samples of a thickness at and below 10 nm. This method has recently been implemented and verified on graphene samples prepared by various methods. The results have made it possible to diagnose the continuity and quality of the graphene flakes. Furthermore, series of experiments have been performed involving the observation of ultrathin tissue sections with electrons decelerated to about 500 eV and less, where they provide an image contrast of the cell ultrastructure much higher than that provided by traditional microscopic modes.
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Sixty years of the Institute os Scientific Instruments
Müllerová, Ilona
The Institute of Scientific Instruments (ISI) was established in 1957 as an institution providing instrumental equipment for other institutes of the Academy of Sciences, mainly in the field of electron microscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance and coherent optics. Three examples are shown in Figure 1. In the beginning the institute had only 83 employees, including the workshop which produced the electronics and all mechanical parts of the instruments. During the process of post-Communist transformation of the Academy of Sciences, which began in 1989, the development of entire instruments and devices was brought to a halt and scientific activities of our Institute focused on the methodology of probing the physical properties of matter in the above-mentioned main fields. New components of scientific instruments were developed that help push the limits of what hadpreviously been possible, continuing the long tradition of the Institute in these topics.
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Creation of electron vortex beams using the holographic reconstruction method in a scanning electron microscope
Řiháček, Tomáš ; Horák, M. ; Schachinger, T. ; Matějka, Milan ; Mika, Filip ; Müllerová, Ilona
Electron vortex beams (EVB) were theoretically predicted in 2007 and first experimentally\ncreated in 2010. Although they attracted attention of many researchers, their\ninvestigation takes place almost solely in connection with transmission electron microscopes (TEM). On the other hand, although scanning electron microscopes (SEM) may provide some advantages for EVB applications, only little attention has been dedicated to them. Therefore, the aim of this work is to create electron vortices in SEM at energies of several keV.
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STEM modes in SEM
Konvalina, Ivo ; Paták, Aleš ; Mikmeková, Eliška ; Mika, Filip ; Müllerová, Ilona
The segmented semiconductor STEM detector in the Magellan 400 FEG SEM microscope\n(https://www.fei.com/) is used to detect transmitted electrons (TEs) and allows observing\nsamples in four imaging modes. Two modes of objective lens, namely high resolution (HR)\nand ultra-high resolution (UHR), differ by their resolution and by the presence or absence of\na magnetic field around the sample. If the beam deceleration (BD) mode is chosen, then\nan electrostatic field around the sample is added and two further microscope modes HR + BD\nand UHR + BD, become available. Trajectories of TEs are studied with regard to their angular\nand energy distribution in each mode in this work.\n
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Very low energy electron transmission spectromicroscopy
Daniel, Benjamin ; Radlička, Tomáš ; Piňos, Jakub ; Mikmeková, Šárka ; Konvalina, Ivo ; Frank, Luděk ; Müllerová, Ilona
For more than 25 years, Scanning Low Energy Electron Microscopy (SLEEM) has been\ndeveloped at the Institute of Scientific Instruments (ISI), with several commercially available SEMs adapted with a cathode lens for SLEEM use, as well as a dedicated self-built UHVSLEEM setup.\nFor a better understanding of contrast formation at low energies, especially at very low energies below 50 eV, where the local density of states plays an important role, more general knowledge about the interaction of (very) low energy electrons with solids is required. This will be achieved using a newly developed ultra-high vacuum (UHV SLEEM) setup which includes several enhancements compared to other available machines. Data processing is presented in, and processed data will be further used and tested with the Monte Carlosimulation package BRUCE, which is being developed by Werner et al. at TU Vienna.
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Povědomí veřejnosti o nemoci AIDS
Müllerová, Ilona ; Vinopal, Jiří (vedoucí práce) ; Kyselá, Eva (oponent)
Cílem této práce je zhodnotit postavení HIV pozitivních osob ve společnosti. Pro splnění cíle a představení uceleného vývoje postavení HIV pozitivních osob budou použity interpretace a analýza výzkumů, od těch vůbec prvních až po ty nejaktuálnější. Výzkumy, které se v práci objeví, jsou zaměřené na znalosti a postoje k HIV pozitivním lidem. Aby bylo možné zachytit vývoje informovanosti a postojů k problematice HIV/AIDS v čase, jsou výzkumy představeny chronologicky, a posledním výzkumem je vlastní dotazníkové šetření. Smyslem práce je upozornit na problém stigmatizace a diskriminace osob s HIV. HIV/AIDS problematika je komplexní problém, který se dotýká širokého spektra vědeckých oborů, proto se v práci objeví kromě sociologických diskurzů i témata z medicíny, práva a psychologie. Klíčová slova: HIV, AIDS, homosexualita, užívání drog, prevence, stigmatizace
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