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Stanovení mechanických vlastností materiálů svarového spoje na základě měření tvrdosti
Stodola, Martin ; Španiel, Miroslav (oponent) ; Dlouhý, Ivo (oponent) ; Junek, Lubomír (vedoucí práce)
Práce se zabývá stanovováním mechanických vlastností materiálu na základě provedené instrumentované zkoušky tvrdosti. Podnětem k této práci byla smlouva o výzkumném projektu mezi ÚAM Brno, s.r.o. a společností ČEZ, a.s., kdy úkolem bylo vyvinout metodiku vyhodnocování změny mechanických vlastností pomocí NDT metody. Z těchto důvodů je vyvíjení metodiky zaměřeno především pro použití v praxi se zaměřením na určování mechanických vlastností heterogenního svarového spoje v provozu. Mechanické vlastnosti materiálu jsou určovány pomocí provedení nedestruktivního instrumentovaného měření tvrdosti dle Vickerse. Vyvíjená metodika pro stanovení základních mechanických vlastností je založena na principu inverzního modelování instrumentovaného měření tvrdosti metodou konečných prvků, kdy výstupem je indentační křivka a změřený povrch vtisku po odlehčení. Porovnáváním výstupů z experimentálního instrumentovaného měření tvrdosti a výstupů z modelované zkoušky tvrdosti pomocí MKP je dosaženo základních mechanických vlastností materiálu.
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Processing of Nb-containing TiAl intermetallics and its Physical and Chemical Aspects
Barták, Tomáš ; Dlouhý, Ivo (oponent) ; Zemčík, Ladislav (oponent) ; Dlouhý, Antonín (vedoucí práce)
Presented study investigates vacuum induction re-melting of Ti-46Al-7Nb (at%) intermetallic alloy in refractory crucible based on Y2O3. A series of re-melting experiments was performed at melting temperatures 1630, 1680 and 1730 C and three ranges of melting times (5, 15 and 30 minutes). Metallographic cross-sections for each experiment were prepared to obtain the data of microstructure and phase composition evaluation using SEM and EDS. A quantitative assessment of microstructure was based on an Adaptive Contrast Control (ACC) software used to estimate a volume fraction of ceramic phase in the melt. Oxygen content in the solidified met was analyzed using Inert Gas Fusion (IGF) method. Thermodynamic calculations of possible reactions are presented regarding the activity of the individual elements of intermetallic and refractory crucible. Data presented in this work based on experimental results and thermodynamic calculation could be used like guide for further melting and optimization of the TiAlNb melting process.
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Metal Matrix Composites Prepared by Powder Metallurgy Route
Moravčík, Igor ; Lapin, Juraj (oponent) ; Skotnicová, Kateřina (oponent) ; Dlouhý, Ivo (vedoucí práce)
Conventionally, the alloy design, alloy production, and alloy selection are almost strictly confined to single element or one compound concept. Consequently, this alloy concept imposes a significant limit to the degrees of freedom in alloy’s composition and thus limits the development of special microstructure and properties. In the last decade, it has become particularly obvious that materials science and alloy engineering are still not fully explored due to an appearance of new class of alloys – usually called high entropy alloys (HEA). This exclusively new class of alloys caught significant scientific attention for the novelty of its approach to alloy design, as they do not contain a single base element, but rather at least 5 elements in very close atomic portions. In the recent years medium entropy alloys (MEA) appeared as a variant of HEAs with only three or four elements. The work is contributed to the research of feasibility of production of HEA and MEA alloys and composites by utilization of powder metallurgy (PM) manufacturing route, the combination of mechanical milling (MA) of elementary powders, followed by pressure or field assisted densification. Altogether three compositions have been studied: AlCoCrFeNiTi0.5, Co1.5Ni1.5CrFeTi0.5 and CoCrNi, as well as B4C metal matrix composite (MMC) with CoCrNi as matrix phase. Deep microstructural and mechanical analyses including transmission electron microscopy and tensile testing have been performed. During the whole study, the problems with the contamination of powders with oxygen have been observed, however the oxides formed relatively homogenous dispersion in all manufactured materials and they did not impair significant mechanical property reduction. AlCoCrFeNiTi0.5 exhibited relatively high hardness over 800 HV, but rather low ductility. The attempt has been made to improve the ductility with heat treatment procedure, but to no avail. The formation of in-situ TiC dispersion has been recorded, due to the utilization of carbon containing methanol as a process control agent during milling, that reacted with the present elemental Ti. In this manner metal matrix composite has been effectively produced. Additionally, the same procedure, the milling in the controlled amount of carbon containing medium, may be used also to produce other advanced composites with dispersion of in-situ formed TiC. On the other hand, CoCrNi alloy possessed very high tensile ductility (26%) and ultimate strength over 1000 MPa. Microstructure was composed of major FCC phase and BCC precipitates. The CoCrNi alloy has been due to the high ductility chosen as the best candidate for the subsequent production of metal matrix composites. The introduction of B4C resulted in the displacement reaction of Cr element with B4C, resulting in the formation of Cr5B3 boride phase. The composite possessed nano-grained microstructure and high tensile strength over 1400 MPa. However, the tensile ductility decreased to 1.9%. The AlCoCrFeNiTi0.5 alloy achieved the best combination of tensile ductility (4%) and remarkable strength over 1300 MPa, bearing pure FCC microstructure with extremely fine grain size. Therefore, the PM production route has proven to be a feasible way for the production of HEAs and MEAs, as well as HEA and MEA based metal matrix composites with remarkable combination of mechanical properties.
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Fracture Behaviour of Steels and Their Welds for Power Industry
Al Khaddour, Samer ; Kohout, Jan (oponent) ; Válka, Libor (oponent) ; Dlouhý, Ivo (vedoucí práce)
The aim of the study is to verify the validity of the master curve concept for evaluation of the dissimilar weld joint and/or thermally aged weld joints. In addition, the thesis is focused on development of quantitative models for the prediction of reference temperature characterising position of the fracture toughness transition on the temperature axis using experimental data collected from tensile tests, together with a powerful computational technique known as neural network. This study focuses on the evaluation of the fracture behaviour of welds carried out by fusion welding. It aims to investigate the fracture behaviour in transition region of the structural steels and welds with ferritic basic microstructures by means of reference temperature. In order to obtain the reference temperature artificial neural network is used exploting tensile test and hardness test data. Creating a model using neural network method requires a sufficient amount of data and it is sometimes not possible to accomplish easily. Creating a truly general model requires a combination of data and metallurgical knowledge. So, the aim of this work is also to develop artificial neural network enabling to predict the reference temperature. In total 29 experimental data sets from low alloy steels have been applied to validate the model of reference temperature prediction. The tensile tests have been done at general yield temperature of circumferential notched tensile tests (purely general yield temperature) and at room temperature (purely ductile fracture temperature). To build the model all parameters of tensile test and hardness values were used as input variables. The study indicated that the reference temperature characterizing the fracture toughness transition behaviour in low alloy steels with predominantly ferritic structure is predictable on the basis of selected characteristics of tensile test.
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Processing and Properties of 1D and 2D Boron Nitride Nanomaterials Reinforced Glass Composites
Saggar, Richa ; Cihlář, Jaroslav (oponent) ; Tatarko, Peter (oponent) ; Dlouhý, Ivo (vedoucí práce)
Glasses and ceramics offer several unique characteristics over polymers or metals. However, they suffer from a shortcoming due to their brittle nature, falling short in terms of fracture toughness and mechanical strength. The aim of this work is to reinforce borosilicate glass matrix with reinforcements to increase the fracture toughness and strength of the glass. Boron nitride nanomaterials, i.e. nanotubes and nanosheets have been used as possible reinforcements for the borosilicate glass matrix. The tasks of the thesis are many fold which include: 1. Reinforcement of commercially derived and morphologically different (bamboo like and cylinder like) boron nitride nanotubes in borosilicate glass with the concentration of 0 wt%, 2.5 wt% and 5 wt% by ball milling process. Same process was repeated with reinforcing cleaned boron nitride nanotubes (after acid purification) into the borosilicate glass with similar concentrations. 2. Production of boron nitride nanosheets using liquid exfoliation technique to produce high quality and high aspect ratio nanosheets. These boron nitride nanosheets were reinforced in the borosilicate glass matrix with concentrations of 0 wt%, 2.5 wt% and 5 wt% by ball milling process. The samples were consolidated using spark plasma sintering. These composites were studied in details in terms of material analysis like thermo-gravimetric analysis, detailed scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy for the quality of reinforcements etc.; microstructure analysis which include the detailed study of the composite powder samples, the densities of bulk composite samples etc; mechanical properties which include fracture toughness, flexural strength, micro-hardness, Young’s modulus etc. and; tribological properties like scratch resistance and wear resistance. Cleaning process of boron nitride nanotubes lead to reduction in the Fe content (present in boron nitride nanotubes during their production as a catalyst) by ~54%. This leads to an improvement of ~30% of fracture toughness measured by chevron notch technique for 5 wt% boron nitride nanotubes reinforced borosilicate glass. It also contributed to the improvement of scratch resistance by ~26% for the 5 wt% boron nitride nanotubes reinforced borosilicate glass matrix. On the other hand, boron nitride nanosheets were successfully produced using liquid exfoliation technique with average length was ~0.5 µm and thickness of the nanosheets was between 4-30 layers. It accounted to an improvement of ~45% for both fracture toughness and flexural strength by reinforcing 5 wt% of boron nitride nanosheets. The wear rates reduced by ~3 times while the coefficient of friction was reduced by ~23% for 5 wt% boron nitride nanosheets reinforcements. Resulting improvements in fracture toughness and flexural strength in the composite materials were observed due to high interfacial bonding between the boron nitride nanomaterials and borosilicate glass matrix resulting in efficient load transfer. Several toughening and strengthening mechanisms like crack bridging, crack deflection and significant pull-out were observed in the matrix. It was also observed that the 2D reinforcement served as more promising candidate for reinforcements compared to 1D reinforcements. It was due to several geometrical advantages like high surface area, rougher surface morphology, and better hindrance in two dimensions rather than just one dimension in nanotubes.
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Metal Matrix Composites Prepared by Powder Metallurgy Route
Moravčíková de Almeida Gouvea, Larissa ; Novák, Pavel (oponent) ; Hadraba, Hynek (oponent) ; Dlouhý, Ivo (vedoucí práce)
The development of new materials for applications in extreme environments is currently of a great importance in modern engineering technologies. Hence, the industries' requirement for enhanced structural performance of materials is constantly increasing. In the light of that, this study aims to evaluate promising compositions of high-entropy alloys for critical applications produced by powder metallurgy through a combination of mechanical alloying and solid state sintering. For comparative purposes, the selected compositions were produced by melting routes in liquid state as well, such as vacuum induction melting and subsequent casting or vacuum arc-melting. The powder metallurgy route enables a consequential development of metal matrix composites (MMC) via the manufacturing of oxide dispersed strengthened HEAs. This is possible due to inherent in-situ reactions during the process. In case of melting route fabrication, metallic materials with great differences in structures and related properties are manufactured, compared to those produced by powder routes. The produced MMCs and their melted counterparts are thoroughly studied. A comprehensive evaluation of the influence of the different processing methods, especially on the materials’ microstructural features and their mechanical properties is undertaken, including the effect of heat treatments on the phase transformations and stability of the materials.
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Zkřehnutí TiAl intermetalik indukované oxidací povrchu
Fukátková, Pavla ; Jan, Vít (oponent) ; Dlouhý, Ivo (vedoucí práce)
Tato práce je zaměřena na studium vlivu oxidace povrchu intermetalické slitiny TiAl, na její lomové chování a na studium tvorby a stability vybraných povlaků, které by těmto jevům mohly zabránit. Na ?-TiAl slitině (Ti46Al7Nb) byly zkoumány tři různé povlaky (AlCr, AlCrN a AlCrNAg). Nejdříve se provedla krátkodobá vysokoteplotní expozice v inertní atmosféře všech povlaků. Po té proběhly experimenty cyklické vysokoteplotní expozice v běžné atmosféře a izotermické vysokoteplotní expozice v běžné atmosféře. Během vysokoteplotních experimentů v běžném prostředí byl měřen hmotnostní přírůstek a byla sledována struktura povrchu. Na závěr byly vybrány nejperspektivnější povlaky a u těch byla hodnocena pevnost v ohybu.
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Řídicí systém projektu ReReSearch
Dlouhý, Ivo ; Šperka, Svatopluk (oponent) ; Otrusina, Lubomír (vedoucí práce)
Práce se zabývá návrhem a implementací databáze, archivu souborů, systému aktualizace a rozhraní pro komunikaci modulů v rámci projektu ReReSearch. Obsahuje analýzu digitálních knihoven a systému ReReSearch, vysvětluje pojmy a dále popisuje návrh, implementaci a testování zmíněných součástí.
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Mechanical Reinforcement of Bioglass®-Based Scaffolds
Bertolla, Luca ; Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Aldo R. Boccaccini (oponent) ; Kotoul, Michal (oponent) ; Pabst, Willi (oponent) ; Dlouhý, Ivo (vedoucí práce)
Bioactive glasses exhibit unique characteristics as a material for bone tissue engineering. Unfortunately, their extensive application for the repair of load-bearing bone defects is still limited by low mechanical strength and fracture toughness. The main aim of this work was two-fold: the reinforcement of brittle Bioglass®-based porous scaffolds and the production of bulk Bioglass® samples exhibiting enhanced mechanical properties. For the first task, scaffolds were coated by composite coating constituted by polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and microfibrillated cellulose (MFC). The addition of PVA/MFC coating led to a 10 fold increase of compressive strength and a 20 fold increase of tensile strength in comparison with non-coated scaffolds. SEM observations of broken struts surfaces proved the reinforcing and toughening mechanism of the composite coating which was ascribed to crack bridging and fracture of cellulose fibrils. The mechanical properties of the coating material were investigated by tensile testing of PVA/MFC stand–alone specimens. The stirring time of the PVA/MFC solution came out as a crucial parameter in order to achieve a more homogeneous dispersion of the fibres and consequently enhanced strength and stiffness. Numerical simulation of a PVA coated Bioglass® strut revealed the infiltration depth of the coating until the crack tip as the most effective criterion for the struts strengthening. Contact angle and linear viscosity measurements of PVA/MFC solutions showed that MFC causes a reduction in contact angle and a drastic increase in viscosity, indicating that a balance between these opposing effects must be achieved. Concerning the production of bulk samples, conventional furnace and spark plasma sintering technique was used. Spark plasma sintering performed without the assistance of mechanical pressure and at heating rates ranging from 100 to 300°C /min led to a material having density close to theoretical one and fracture toughness nearly 4 times higher in comparison with conventional sintering. Fractographic analysis revealed the crack deflection as the main toughening mechanisms acting in the bulk Bioglass®. Time–dependent crack healing process was also observed. The further investigation on the non-equilibrium phases crystallized is required. All obtained results are discussed in detail and general recommendations for scaffolds with enhanced mechanical resistance are served.
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Struktura a vlastnosti tepelných bariér typu YSZ nanesených na krycí vrstvy CoNiCrAlY přetavené elektronovým paprskem
Slavíková, Barbora ; Jan, Vít (oponent) ; Dlouhý, Ivo (vedoucí práce)
Diplomová práce se zabývá charakterizací struktury a vlastností tepelných bariér YSZ nanesených pomocí technologie hybridního plazmatického systému na vazebné povlaky CoNiCrAlY modifikované pomocí elektronového paprsku a vakuového žíhání. Depozice vazebných povlaků byla provedena za použití technologie vysokorychlostního nástřiku plamenem a studené kinetické depozice. V rámci experimentálního vyhodnocení byla analyzována mikrostruktura a chemické složení krycích keramických nástřiků nanesených ve formě prášku a suspenze. Stejně tak byly vyhodnoceny i vazebné povlaky ve stavu po přetavení za použití dvou parametrů elektronového paprsku. Dále byly sledovány změny v mikrostruktuře a chemickém složení přetavených nástřiků po žíhání. Následně byly vyhodnoceny mikromechanické vlastnosti keramických a vazebných povlaků. Keramické povlaky nanesené v prášku vykazovaly strukturu tvořenou splaty, zatímco povlaky nanesené ve formě suspenze měly jemnou strukturu tvořenou kolumnárními zrny. Struktura přetavených vazebných nástřiků byla tvořena dendrity. Žíhání pak mělo za následek zhrubnutí jednotlivých fází a došlo ke změnám v chemickém složení způsobené difúzí prvků.
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