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The role of B cells in transplantation reactions
Brožová, Jitka ; Slavčev, Antonij (advisor) ; Stříž, Ilja (referee)
Kidney transplantation is the best treatment for patients with end-stage renal failure. The main problem of kidney transplantation is however the development of a cellular and antibody-mediated (humoral) rejection. During the last decade, thanks to the advanced immunosuppression, prognosis of survival and function of transplanted organs has significantly improved. Nevertheless, humoral rejection remains very serious obstacle in high-risk patients, because it can permanently damage the graft. Therefore, before transplantation it is necessary to stratify patients into high and low risk groups for development of antibody-mediated rejection. Current immunogenetic tests performed before transplantation include, in addition to HLA typing, detection of panel-reactive antibodies. However, this test does not provide information about B cells which participate in the humoral response of the kidney recipient. Therefore, in the presented thesis we studied B cell reactivity and its regulation in transplanted patients. In this retrospective analysis we measured levels of the B cell activating factor, a cytokine regulating the function of B lymphocytes (BAFF). Current reports suggest that BAFF could serve as a marker of humoral rejection. Furthermore, we focused on B lymphocytes and their capacity to produce...
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Molecular biology methods and their use for HLA antigen polymorphism determination
Brožová, Jitka ; Slavčev, Antonij (advisor) ; Trošan, Peter (referee)
HLA (Human Leukocyte Antigen) is a gene segment localized on the short arm of chromosome 6. This segment consists of three regions, I. and II. region encode HLA class I and HLA class II genes, in the III. region there are the complement genes, TNFα and other genes that are not evolutionary and functionally associated with HLA genes. HLA class I and class II genes encode cell-surface glycoproteins which in their binding sites present peptides to cells of the immune system. HLA genes are associated with many autoimmune and infectious diseases, although mostly the mechanisms of these associations remain unclear. HLA function as strong transplantation antigens, thus they represent a major obstacle in allogeneic organ transplantation and transplantation of hematopoietic cells. To prevent rejection of the transplanted organ, a match between the recipient and donor in the HLA antigens is necessary. Determination of donor and recipient matching is performed by HLA typing techniques. Nowadays for HLA typing in most laboratories in Europe and the USA are used methods of molecular biology. Among these methods, three main techniques based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are applied, these are PCR-sequence-specific primers, PCR-sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes and PCR-sequencing-based typing....
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The impacts of legislative changes on revenues of small munucipalities
Brožová, Jitka ; Sedmihradská, Lucie (advisor) ; Špinerová, Zuzana (referee)
The Bachelor thesis deals with the analysis of legislative changes that affect the revenues of municipalities from shared taxes, revenues from taxes on real estate and revenue from local taxes. The theoretical part describes the basic apparatus and is characterized by changes which have occurred in the law on budget of destination taxes with effect from the 1. 1. 2008, in the law on real estate tax with effect from the 1. 1. 2008, 1. 1. 2009 and 1. 1. 2010 and in the law on local charges with effect from the 1.1.2010. Practical part analyzes the effects of the legislative changes mentioned above, on tax revenues of the three selected municipalities. The last part compares tax revenue among the municipalities, and summarizes the views of the representatives of the municipalities. From the analysis it is evident that there has been an increase in tax revenues in all of the municipalities from the year 2008 and the gradual increase of revenues from taxes on real estate.
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