Evoluce kleptoparazitizmu u včel (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Apoidea)

Straka, Jakub

Cleptoparasitic behaviour is widespread life strategyin bees (Hymenoptera:Apoidea). More than |5oÁof all bee species are obligate cuckoo bees.It is not the only form of cleptoparasitic behaviour in this insect group, but is by far the most common. Cleptoparasitism can be an obligate as well as an occasional life tactic occuring among pollen-collecting bees.The most simple, but rare cleptoparasiticstrategyin bees is theft of supplies. Bees can steal pollen supplies outside the nest (directly from legs of other bees)or inside of conspecific nest.Robbing (inside nest theft) is an obligatory strategyin some eusocíalstinglessbees(Apinae: Meliponini). Usurpation is anotheroccasional life strategyof normally pollen-collecting bees.[t seemsto be quite common, although it is largely overlooked by observers.Individual marking of nesting females as well as inside nest behaviour can reveal several differentusurpation strategies.The most common is nest usurpationsometimes leading to discarding of cells of the preceedingfemale (host).In some casesonly the nestentranceis usurpedand the new owner is not in contact with the host cells; this can be called nestingarea usurpation. The best-studiedkind of cleptoparasitismis brood parasitism.It rarely occures on the intraspecific level, but it is frequent in its...

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